Bio Unit 4 vocab

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is an adult stem cell?

An adult stem cell exists naturally in bone marrow, skeletal muscle, brain, and liver and is important for growth, healing, and replacing cells that are lost through daily wear and tear.

What is an anticodon?

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.

In asexual reproduction, is the newly created organism a clone and genetically identical to the parent organism?

True (A)

What is a benign tumor?

<p>Mild, not cancerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

<p>A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cancer?

<p>Result of uncontrolled cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

<p>G1, S, G2 phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cell differentiation?

<p>Process that occurs during embryonic development in which stem cells take on different structures and functions and become the many different types of cells in the human body; also called specialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

<p>Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>Holds chromatids together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>2 identical halves (1 half = chromatid).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are codons?

<p>3 base pairs in mRNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is complementary base pairing?

<p>Hydrogen bonding: Adenine &amp; Thymine, Cytosine &amp; Guanine, Adenine &amp; Uracil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Cytoplasm divides and two cells are made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deoxyribose?

<p>5-carbon sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does diploid (2n) mean?

<p>Containing 2 copies of each chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA replication?

<p>The process of making a copy of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are embryonic stem cells?

<p>Can form just about any type of tissue, found in embryos and umbilical cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

<p>Growth Division, Example is Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does malignant mean?

<p>Cancerous and harmful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does metastasize mean?

<p>The process by which cancer spreads from one place to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

<p>First and longest stage, chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes and nucleus begins to disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation?

<p>Before fertilization are passed along to offspring, can result in functional problems of proteins, and embryo may die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nitrogenous base?

<p>A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells: Examples are Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protein synthesis?

<p>Proteins are made up of polypeptides of amino acids held together by peptide bonds first Transcription (DNA -&gt; mRNA), then Translation (mRNA -&gt; tRNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

<p>Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are somatic/body cells?

<p>Not passed onto offspring (Ex: Cancer).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spindle fibers?

<p>Help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transcription?

<p>DNA to mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tumor?

<p>Mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is asexual reproduction?

<p>A type of reproduction where the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benign means cancerous.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cell cycle consist of?

<p>The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malignant means cancerous and harmful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tRNA do?

<p>Moves amino acids to ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adult stem cells?

<p>Cells that exist naturally in bone marrow, skeletal muscle, brain, and liver and are important for growth, healing, and replacing cells lost through daily wear and tear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asexual reproduction, the newly created organism is genetically different from the parent organism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if something is benign?

<p>Mild, not cancerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the cell cycle.

<p>The life cycle of a cell that consists of interphase and mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cell differentiation.

<p>Process that occurs during embryonic development in which stem cells take on different structures and functions and become the many different types of cells in the human body; also called specialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if something is malignant?

<p>Cancerous and harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to metastasize?

<p>The process by which cancer spreads from one place to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adult Stem Cell

Naturally found in bone marrow, muscle, brain, and liver; important for growth and repair.

Anticodon

A three-base sequence on a tRNA molecule that complements an mRNA codon.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction where the offspring is a clone, genetically identical to the parent.

Benign

Not cancerous; mild in character.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms where one cell divides into two.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division, potentially forming malignant tumors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Cycle

The life cycle of a cell, including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Differentiation

Process during development where stem cells specialize into different cell types.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromatin

DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosome

A structure made of coiled DNA that carries genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Codon

A sequence of three base pairs in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complementary Base Pairing

Specific hydrogen bonding patterns between nitrogenous bases: A with T (or U), and C with G.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar found in DNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diploid (2n)

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Replication

The process of duplicating a DNA molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem cells found in embryos and umbilical cords that can differentiate into almost any tissue type.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haploid (1n)

Having one set of chromosomes (1n).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle between cell divisions, involving growth and preparation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malignant

Cancerous; harmful and tending to spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metastasize

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitosis

First and longest phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

mRNA

Messenger RNA; carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can be inherited.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogenous Base

A molecule found in DNA or RNA that encodes genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Synthesis

The process of creating proteins from a DNA template, involving transcription and translation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribose

A five-carbon sugar present in RNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; a component of ribosomes, reads mRNA during protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Somatic/Body Cells

Cells that are not passed onto offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spindle Fibers

Help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transcription

The process of copying DNA into mRNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Translation

The process of converting mRNA into a protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

tRNA

Transfer RNA; brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tumor

A mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissues, can be benign or malignant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • Adult stem cells are naturally present in bone marrow, skeletal muscle, brain, and liver.
  • These cells are crucial for growth, healing, and replacing cells lost through daily wear.
  • An anticodon is a group of three bases on a tRNA molecule.
  • It is complementary to an mRNA codon.
  • Asexual reproduction results in a clone.
  • The newly created organism is genetically identical to the parent organism.
  • Benign means mild and not cancerous.
  • Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms.
  • One cell divides into two cells of the same size.
  • Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
  • The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis.
  • G1, S, and G2 are phases of the cell cycle.
  • Cell differentiation occurs during embryonic development.
  • Stem cells take on different structures and functions.
  • These cells become specialized.
  • This is also called specialization.
  • The centromere is the region of a chromosome.
  • It is where two sister chromatids attach.
  • Chromatin holds chromatids together.
  • A chromosome consists of two identical halves.
  • One half is called a chromatid.
  • A codon is a sequence of 3 base pairs in mRNA.
  • Complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding.
  • Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T).
  • Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).
  • Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U) in RNA.
  • Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm divides.
  • Two cells are created.
  • Deoxyribose is a 5-carbon sugar.
  • Diploid (2n) means containing two copies of each chromosome.
  • DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
  • It provides the codes for proteins.
  • DNA is made up of nucleotides.
  • DNA replication is the process of making a copy of DNA.
  • Embryonic stem cells can form almost any type of tissue.
  • They are found in embryos and umbilical cords.
  • A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome.
  • It codes for a specific trait.
  • Haploid (1n) means containing one copy of each chromosome.
  • Interphase is a growth division, for example, mitosis.
  • Malignant means cancerous and harmful.
  • Metastasize is the process by which cancer spreads.
  • It spreads from one place to another in the body.
  • Mitosis is the first and longest stage of cell division.
  • Chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes.
  • The nucleus begins to disappear.
  • mRNA carries transcribed information.
  • It moves information from DNA to the ribosome.
  • Mutation before fertilization can be passed to offspring.
  • It can result in functional problems of proteins.
  • The embryo may die.
  • A nitrogenous base is a molecule in DNA and RNA.
  • It encodes genetic information in cells.
  • Examples: Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil.
  • Protein synthesis creates proteins made of polypeptides of amino acids.
  • Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
  • First Transcription (DNA -> mRNA), then Translation (mRNA -> tRNA)
  • Ribose is a five-carbon sugar present in RNA.
  • rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
  • It reads mRNA for protein synthesis.
  • Sister chromatids are replicated forms of a chromosome.
  • They are joined by the centromere.
  • They separate during mitosis or meiosis II.
  • Somatic/Body Cells are not passed onto offspring.
  • An example of this is cancer.
  • Spindle fibers help pull apart the cell during replication.
  • They are made up of microtubules.
  • Transcription is the process of copying DNA to mRNA.
  • Translation is the process of converting mRNA to tRNA.
  • tRNA moves amino acids to ribosomes.
  • A tumor is a mass of rapidly dividing cells.
  • It can damage surrounding tissue.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser