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Questions and Answers
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
Superior: inferior thoracic aperature/diaphragm. Inferior: pelvic inlet.
The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
False
The abdomen assists with respiration.
The abdomen assists with respiration.
True
The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
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What are the six components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
What are the six components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
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What are three important landmarks of the ilium?
What are three important landmarks of the ilium?
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What is an important landmark of the pubis?
What is an important landmark of the pubis?
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Which portion of the abdominal wall is characterized by three main layers of fascia and four layers of muscle?
Which portion of the abdominal wall is characterized by three main layers of fascia and four layers of muscle?
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Which portion of the abdominal wall is characterized by three main muscles?
Which portion of the abdominal wall is characterized by three main muscles?
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What are the two layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What are the two layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
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Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
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Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
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The superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is located deep to what?
The superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is located deep to what?
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The transveralis fascia is located deep to what?
The transveralis fascia is located deep to what?
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Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
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The four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are located between which two fascia?
The four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are located between which two fascia?
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Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis originate?
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Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis insert?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis insert?
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What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique? What is its bilateral action?
What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique? What is its bilateral action?
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What is the linea alba?
What is the linea alba?
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Which abdominal oblique has a "hands in pocket" orientation while which has a "hands on chest" orientation?
Which abdominal oblique has a "hands in pocket" orientation while which has a "hands on chest" orientation?
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Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis originate?
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Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis insert?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis insert?
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Which anterolateral muscle increases intra-abdominal pressure for defecation, childbirth, etc., by being the strongest of the four?
Which anterolateral muscle increases intra-abdominal pressure for defecation, childbirth, etc., by being the strongest of the four?
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The transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis run in what kind of orientation?
The transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis run in what kind of orientation?
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Which anterolateral muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
Which anterolateral muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
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Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections originate?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections originate?
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Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections insert?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections insert?
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Which anterolateral muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
Which anterolateral muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
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From superficial to deep, list the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
From superficial to deep, list the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
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What is the peritoneum?
What is the peritoneum?
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What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
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What is the peritoneal cavity?
What is the peritoneal cavity?
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Which layer of the peritoneum is the serous layer?
Which layer of the peritoneum is the serous layer?
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What is the rectus sheath?
What is the rectus sheath?
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What is the arcuate line?
What is the arcuate line?
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Which portion of the rectus sheath does not completely cover the rectus abdominis muscles?
Which portion of the rectus sheath does not completely cover the rectus abdominis muscles?
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What is the inguinal ligament?
What is the inguinal ligament?
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The inguinal ligament spans from where to where?
The inguinal ligament spans from where to where?
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What is the inguinal canal?
What is the inguinal canal?
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Which ring of the inguinal canal is where the canal begins?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is where the canal begins?
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Which ring of the inguinal canal is caused by a defect in the transversalis fascia?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is caused by a defect in the transversalis fascia?
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Which ring of the inguinal canal is an archway in the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is an archway in the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis?
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How do the inguinal canals form?
How do the inguinal canals form?
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The embryonic gonads develop on the (anterior/posterior) abdominal wall and descend into their adult positions by what?
The embryonic gonads develop on the (anterior/posterior) abdominal wall and descend into their adult positions by what?
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What is the gubernaculum?
What is the gubernaculum?
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What does the male inguinal canal convey? What does the female inguinal canal convey?
What does the male inguinal canal convey? What does the female inguinal canal convey?
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What is an inguinal hernia?
What is an inguinal hernia?
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Which artery does the superior epigastric artery branch from?
Which artery does the superior epigastric artery branch from?
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The superior and inferior epigastric arteries are deep to which anterolateral wall muscle?
The superior and inferior epigastric arteries are deep to which anterolateral wall muscle?
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The superficial epigastric artery is superficial to what?
The superficial epigastric artery is superficial to what?
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What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the intercostal muscles and the anterolateral wall muscles?
What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the intercostal muscles and the anterolateral wall muscles?
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What nerve(s) provide sensory innervation to the skin over the thorax and abdomen?
What nerve(s) provide sensory innervation to the skin over the thorax and abdomen?
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The thoraco-abdominal nerves are (DPR/VPR) of intercostal nerves -.
The thoraco-abdominal nerves are (DPR/VPR) of intercostal nerves -.
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What nerve provides motor innervation to the external oblique abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, and transversalis abdominis?
What nerve provides motor innervation to the external oblique abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, and transversalis abdominis?
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What nerve(s) is the 12th thoracic spinal nerve?
What nerve(s) is the 12th thoracic spinal nerve?
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What two anterolateral abdominal nerves come from the lumbar plexus? Which is the superior and inferior nerve?
What two anterolateral abdominal nerves come from the lumbar plexus? Which is the superior and inferior nerve?
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What two nerves innervate the internal oblique abdominis muscles and transversus abdominis, but not the external abdominis oblique muscles?
What two nerves innervate the internal oblique abdominis muscles and transversus abdominis, but not the external abdominis oblique muscles?
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What is a dermatome?
What is a dermatome?
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Which dermatome encircles the skin around the belly button?
Which dermatome encircles the skin around the belly button?
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What are the three major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
What are the three major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
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Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the lumbar vertebrae?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the lumbar vertebrae?
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Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the femur?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the femur?
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What is the action of the psoas major muscle?
What is the action of the psoas major muscle?
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Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the 12th rib?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the 12th rib?
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Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the iliac crest?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the iliac crest?
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What is the action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
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Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the iliac fossa?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the iliac fossa?
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What is the action of the iliacus muscle?
What is the action of the iliacus muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
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Where is the caval hiatus located?
Where is the caval hiatus located?
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Where is the esophageal hiatus located?
Where is the esophageal hiatus located?
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Where is the aortic hiatus located?
Where is the aortic hiatus located?
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Which ligament of the diaphragm helps anchor the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae?
Which ligament of the diaphragm helps anchor the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae?
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Which ligament of the diaphragm anchors the diaphragm to the 12th rib?
Which ligament of the diaphragm anchors the diaphragm to the 12th rib?
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Where are the kidneys located relative to the vertebral column?
Where are the kidneys located relative to the vertebral column?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Wall Anatomy
- Superior boundary: Inferior thoracic aperture/diaphragm
- Inferior boundary: Pelvic inlet
- Abdomen freely communicates with lower limbs and pelvis, not thorax.
- Abdomen assists with respiration.
- Support and protection of abdomen is mostly muscular, not bone.
- Skeletal framework components: floating ribs (11 & 12), costal margin, lumbar vertebrae, ala of sacrum, ilium, pubis.
- Ilium landmarks: iliac fossa, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
- Pubis landmark: pubic tubercle.
- Anterolateral wall: 3 layers of fascia, 4 layers of muscle.
- Posterior wall: 3 main muscles.
- Superficial fascia layers: Camper's (fatty), Scarpa's (membranous).
- Superficial fascia located deep to the skin.
- Transveralis fascia located deep to anterolateral wall muscles.
- Transveralis fascia glues peritoneum to abdominal wall.
- Abdominal muscles located between superficial and transversalis fascia.
- External abdominal oblique origin: Ribs 5-12.
- External abdominal oblique insertion: Iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba.
- External abdominal oblique unilateral action: Rotational and lateral trunk movement.
- External abdominal oblique bilateral action: Forward bending.
- Linea alba: Fusion of abdominal muscle aponeuroses.
- External oblique has a "hands in pockets" orientation; internal, "hands on chest".
- Internal abdominal oblique origin: Thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest.
- Internal abdominal oblique insertion: Ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic bone.
- Internal abdominal oblique unilateral action: Rotational and lateral trunk movement.
- Internal abdominal oblique bilateral action: Forward bending.
- Transversus abdominis origin: Thoracolumbar fascia and internal surface of ribs 7-12.
- Transversus abdominis insertion: Linea alba and pubis.
- Transversus abdominis increases intra-abdominal pressure.
- Transversus abdominis orientation: Horizontal.
- Rectus abdominis: No aponeurosis, tendinous intersections.
- Rectus abdominis origin: Pubis.
- Rectus abdominis insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilage.
- Rectus abdominis action: Trunk flexion.
- From superficial to deep: Skin → Camper's fascia → Scarpa's fascia → External abdominal oblique → Rectus abdominis → Internal abdominal oblique → Transversus abdominis → Transversalis fascia → Fat → Peritoneum → Viscera.
- Peritoneum: Serous membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity and viscera.
- Peritoneum layers: Parietal (outer), visceral (inner).
- Peritoneal cavity: Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum.
- Parietal layer of peritoneum: Serous layer.
- Rectus sheath: Fibrous sheath from aponeuroses of EAO, IAO, and TA, usually encasing rectus abdominis.
- Arcuate line: Lower end of posterior part of rectus sheath.
- Posterior portion of rectus sheath does not completely cover rectus abdominis.
- Inguinal ligament: Inferior edge of external oblique aponeurosis.
- Inguinal ligament span: ASIS to pubic tubercle.
- Inguinal canal: Passageway from deep to superficial inguinal rings.
- Deep inguinal ring formation: Defect in transversalis fascia.
- Superficial inguinal ring formation: Archway in external abdominal oblique aponeurosis.
- Inguinal canal formation: Testes descend, pulling structures with them.
- Gonads develop posteriorly, descend by gubernaculum.
- Gubernaculum: Chord anchoring and pulling testes into adult position.
- Male inguinal canal conveys spermatic cord; female, round ligament of uterus.
- Inguinal hernia: Abdominal contents protrude into inguinal region.
- Superior epigastric artery branches from internal thoracic artery.
- Inferior epigastric artery branches from external iliac artery.
- Superficial epigastric artery branches from femoral artery.
- Superior and inferior epigastric arteries are deep to rectus abdominis.
- Superficial epigastric artery is superficial to the rectus sheath.
- Motor innervation of intercostals and anterolateral wall muscles: Thoraco-abdominal nerves.
- Sensory innervation of skin over thorax and abdomen: Thoraco-abdominal nerves.
- Thoraco-abdominal nerves are VPR of intercostal nerves 7-11.
- Subcostal nerve motor innervation: EAO, IAO, TA.
- Subcostal nerve: 12th thoracic spinal nerve.
- Lumbar plexus nerves: Iliohypogastric (superior), ilioinguinal (inferior).
- Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves innervate internal oblique and transversus abdominis, but not external oblique.
- Dermatome: Strip of skin innervated by single spinal nerve.
- Dermatome encircling belly button: T10.
- Posterior abdominal wall major muscles: Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, iliacus.
- Psoas major origin: Lumbar vertebrae.
- Psoas major insertion: Femur.
- Quadratus lumborum origin: 12th rib.
- Quadratus lumborum insertion: Iliac crest.
- Quadratus lumborum action: Minor lateral trunk flexion.
- Iliacus origin: Iliac fossa.
- Iliacus action: Hip/thigh flexion.
- Diaphragm innervation: Phrenic nerve.
- Caval hiatus location: T8.
- Esophageal hiatus location: T10.
- Aortic hiatus location: T12.
- Diaphragm ligaments anchoring to lumbar vertebrae: Medial arcuate ligament.
- Diaphragm ligament anchoring to 12th rib: Lateral arcuate ligament.
- Kidneys location relative to vertebral column: T12-L3.
- Renal vessels anchoring kidneys: Inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta.
- Connective tissues surrounding kidneys: Paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule.
- Outermost kidney connective tissue: Paranephric fat.
- Kidney connective tissue anchoring to diaphragm: Renal fascia.
- Thin layer of fat connecting kidneys: Perinephric fat.
- Fibrous layer surrounding kidney parenchyma: Renal capsule.
- Kidney outermost layer: Cortex.
- Inner kidney part: Medulla.
- Medulla drainage: Minor calyces.
- Minor calyces drainage: Major calyces.
- Major calyces drainage: Renal pelvis (proximal ureter).
- Thoracic aorta beginning: T4.
- Abdominal aorta termination: L4, bifurcating into common iliac arteries.
- Abdominal aorta unpaired branches: Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery.
- Celiac trunk feeds: Foregut.
- Superior mesenteric artery feeds: Midgut.
- Inferior mesenteric artery feeds: Hindgut.
- Inferior vena cava relative to abdominal aorta: Right.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the abdominal wall. This quiz covers boundaries, muscles, and fascia layers essential for understanding abdominal anatomy. Dive deep into the supporting roles and landmarks of the pelvis and abdomen!
