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Questions and Answers
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
Superior: inferior thoracic aperature/diaphragm Inferior: pelvic inlet
The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
False (B)
The abdomen assists with respiration.
The abdomen assists with respiration.
True (A)
The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
What are the six components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
What are the six components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
What are three important landmarks of the ilium?
What are three important landmarks of the ilium?
What is an important landmark of the pubis?
What is an important landmark of the pubis?
Which of the following describes the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which of the following describes the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which of the following describes the posterior abdominal wall?
Which of the following describes the posterior abdominal wall?
What are the two layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What are the two layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
Where is the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall located?
Where is the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall located?
Where is the transversalis fascia located?
Where is the transversalis fascia located?
Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
Between which two fascial layers are the four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall located?
Between which two fascial layers are the four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall located?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis insert?
Where does the external abdominal oblique and its aponeurosis insert?
What are the unilateral and bilateral actions of the external abdominal oblique?
What are the unilateral and bilateral actions of the external abdominal oblique?
What is the linea alba?
What is the linea alba?
Which abdominal oblique has a hands in pocket orientation while the other has a hands on chest orientation?
Which abdominal oblique has a hands in pocket orientation while the other has a hands on chest orientation?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis originate?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis insert?
Where does the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis insert?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle is the strongest of the four and increases intra-abdominal pressure for actions such as defecation and childbirth?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle is the strongest of the four and increases intra-abdominal pressure for actions such as defecation and childbirth?
What is the orientation of the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis?
What is the orientation of the transversus abdominis and its aponeurosis?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections originate?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections originate?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections insert?
Where does the rectus abdominis and its tendinous intersections insert?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
From superficial to deep, list the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
From superficial to deep, list the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
What is the peritoneum?
What is the peritoneum?
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
What is the peritoneal cavity?
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Which layer of the peritoneum is the serous layer?
Which layer of the peritoneum is the serous layer?
What is the rectus sheath?
What is the rectus sheath?
What is the arcuate line?
What is the arcuate line?
Which portion of the rectus sheath does not completely cover the rectus abdominis muscles?
Which portion of the rectus sheath does not completely cover the rectus abdominis muscles?
What is the inguinal ligament?
What is the inguinal ligament?
The inguinal ligament spans from the ___________ to the ____________ ______________.
The inguinal ligament spans from the ___________ to the ____________ ______________.
What is the inguinal canal?
What is the inguinal canal?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is where the canal begins?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is where the canal begins?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is caused by a defect in the transversalis fascia?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is caused by a defect in the transversalis fascia?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is an archway in the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis?
Which ring of the inguinal canal is an archway in the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis?
Explain how the inguinal canals form.
Explain how the inguinal canals form.
Where do the embryonic gonads develop?
Where do the embryonic gonads develop?
What is the gubernaculum?
What is the gubernaculum?
What does the male inguinal canal convey? What does the female inguinal canal convey?
What does the male inguinal canal convey? What does the female inguinal canal convey?
What is an inguinal hernia?
What is an inguinal hernia?
Which artery does the superior epigastric artery branch from?
Which artery does the superior epigastric artery branch from?
Where are the superior and inferior epigastric arteries located in relation to the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?
Where are the superior and inferior epigastric arteries located in relation to the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?
Where is the superficial epigastric artery located in relation to the rectus sheath?
Where is the superficial epigastric artery located in relation to the rectus sheath?
What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the intercostal muscles and the anterolateral wall muscles?
What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the intercostal muscles and the anterolateral wall muscles?
What nerve(s) provide sensory innervation to the skin over the thorax and abdomen?
What nerve(s) provide sensory innervation to the skin over the thorax and abdomen?
What are the thoraco-abdominal nerves?
What are the thoraco-abdominal nerves?
What nerve provides motor innervation to the external oblique abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, and transversus abdominis?
What nerve provides motor innervation to the external oblique abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, and transversus abdominis?
What nerve is the 12th thoracic spinal nerve?
What nerve is the 12th thoracic spinal nerve?
What two nerves from the lumbar plexus innervates the anterolateral abdominal muscles?
What two nerves from the lumbar plexus innervates the anterolateral abdominal muscles?
What two nerves innervate the internal obliques and transversus abdominis, but not the external oblique muscles?
What two nerves innervate the internal obliques and transversus abdominis, but not the external oblique muscles?
What is a dermatome?
What is a dermatome?
Which dermatome encircles the skin around the belly button?
Which dermatome encircles the skin around the belly button?
What are the three major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
What are the three major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the lumbar vertebrae?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the lumbar vertebrae?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the femur?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the femur?
What is the action of the psoas major muscle?
What is the action of the psoas major muscle?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the 12th rib?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the 12th rib?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the iliac crest?
Which posterior abdominal muscle inserts at the iliac crest?
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the iliac fossa?
Which posterior abdominal muscle originates at the iliac fossa?
What is the action of the iliacus muscle?
What is the action of the iliacus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Where is the caval hiatus located?
Where is the caval hiatus located?
Where is the esophageal hiatus located?
Where is the esophageal hiatus located?
Where is the aortic hiatus located?
Where is the aortic hiatus located?
Which ligament of the diaphragm helps anchor the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae?
Which ligament of the diaphragm helps anchor the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae?
Which ligament of the diaphragm anchors the diaphragm to the 12th rib?
Which ligament of the diaphragm anchors the diaphragm to the 12th rib?
Where are the kidneys located relative to the vertebral column?
Where are the kidneys located relative to the vertebral column?
What two blood vessels do the renal vessels anchor the kidneys to?
What two blood vessels do the renal vessels anchor the kidneys to?
What are the four connective tissues that surround the kidneys?
What are the four connective tissues that surround the kidneys?
Which connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney is the outermost layer?
Which connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney is the outermost layer?
Which connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney anchors the kidneys to the diaphragm?
Which connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney anchors the kidneys to the diaphragm?
Flashcards
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal wall?
superior: inferior thoracic aperature/diaphragm inferior: pelvic inlet
True or false: The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
True or false: The abdomen can freely communicate with the thorax, lower limbs, and pelvis.
false; the abdomen can freely communicate with the lower limbs and pelvis but not the thorax
True or false: The abdomen assists with respiration.
True or false: The abdomen assists with respiration.
true
True or false: The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
True or false: The majority of support and protection of the abdomen is bone.
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What are the components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
What are the components of the abdominal skeletal framework?
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What are 3 important landmarks of the ilium?
What are 3 important landmarks of the ilium?
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What is an important landmark of the pubis?
What is an important landmark of the pubis?
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The (anterolateral/posterior) abdominal wall is characterized by _________ main layers of fascia & _________ layers of muscle.
The (anterolateral/posterior) abdominal wall is characterized by _________ main layers of fascia & _________ layers of muscle.
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The (anterolateral/posterior) abdominal wall is characterized by _________ main muscles.
The (anterolateral/posterior) abdominal wall is characterized by _________ main muscles.
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What are the 2 layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
What are the 2 layers of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
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Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more fatty?
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Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
Which layer of the superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall is more membranous?
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The superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall located deep to the ____________
The superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall located deep to the ____________
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The transveralis fascia is located deep to the _________________ ___________ _____________
The transveralis fascia is located deep to the _________________ ___________ _____________
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Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
Which abdominal fascia glues the peritoneum to the abdominal wall?
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The four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall is located between the _____________ fascia and the _________________ fascia
The four main muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall is located between the _____________ fascia and the _________________ fascia
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Where does the external abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) originate at?
Where does the external abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) originate at?
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Where does the external abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (3 places)
Where does the external abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (3 places)
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What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique? Bilateral action?
What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique? Bilateral action?
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What is the linea alba?
What is the linea alba?
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The (internal/external) abdominal oblique have a hands in pocket orientation while the (internal/external) abdominal oblique have a hands on chest orientation
The (internal/external) abdominal oblique have a hands in pocket orientation while the (internal/external) abdominal oblique have a hands on chest orientation
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Where does the internal abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) originate at? (2 places)
Where does the internal abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) originate at? (2 places)
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Where does the internal abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (3 places)
Where does the internal abdominal oblique (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (3 places)
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What is the unilateral action of the internal abdominal oblique? Bilateral action?
What is the unilateral action of the internal abdominal oblique? Bilateral action?
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Where does the transversus abdominis (& its aponeurosis) originate at? (2 places)
Where does the transversus abdominis (& its aponeurosis) originate at? (2 places)
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Where does the transversus abdominis (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (2 places)
Where does the transversus abdominis (& its aponeurosis) insert at? (2 places)
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Which anterolateral muscle increases intra-abdominal pressure (defecation, childbirth, etc.) by being the strongest muscle of the four?
Which anterolateral muscle increases intra-abdominal pressure (defecation, childbirth, etc.) by being the strongest muscle of the four?
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The transversus abdominis & its aponeurosis run in what kind of orientation?
The transversus abdominis & its aponeurosis run in what kind of orientation?
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Which anterolateral muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
Which anterolateral muscle does not have an aponeurosis, but instead tendinous intersections?
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Where does the rectus abdominis (& its tendinous intersections) originate at?
Where does the rectus abdominis (& its tendinous intersections) originate at?
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Where does the rectus abdominis (& its tendinous intersections) insert at? (2 places)
Where does the rectus abdominis (& its tendinous intersections) insert at? (2 places)
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Which anterolateral muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
Which anterolateral muscle's action is to flex the trunk?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Wall Anatomy
- Superior boundary: Inferior thoracic aperture/diaphragm
- Inferior boundary: Pelvic inlet
- Communication: The abdomen freely communicates with the lower limbs and pelvis, but not the thorax.
- Respiratory involvement: The abdomen assists with respiration.
- Support and protection: Primarily muscular, not bony.
- Skeletal framework components: Floating ribs (11 & 12), costal margin (false ribs), lumbar vertebrae, ala of sacrum, ilium, pubis
- Iliac landmarks: Iliac fossa, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- Pubic landmark: Pubic tubercle
- Anterolateral wall layers: Three layers of fascia and four layers of muscle.
- Posterior wall muscles: Three main muscles
- Superficial fascia layers: Camper's fascia (fatty) and Scarpa's fascia (membranous).
- Superficial fascia location: Deep to skin
- Transversalis fascia location: Deep to anterolateral wall muscles
- Transversalis fascia function: Glues peritoneum to abdominal wall
- Anterolateral muscle layers: Superficial fascia, transversalis fascia, anterolateral wall muscles.
- External oblique origin: Ribs 5-12
- External oblique insertion: Iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba
- External oblique action (unilateral): Rotational and lateral movement of trunk; (bilateral): bend forward.
- Linea alba: Fusion of aponeuroses of all abdominal muscles
- Internal oblique orientation: Hands-on chest
- Internal oblique origin: Thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest
- Internal oblique insertion: Ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic bone
- Internal oblique action (unilateral): Rotational and lateral movement of trunk; (bilateral): bend forward
- Transversus abdominis origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, internal surface of ribs 7-12
- Transversus abdominis insertion: Linea alba and pubis
- Transversus abdominis action: Increases intra-abdominal pressure
- Transversus abdominis orientation: Horizontal
- Rectus abdominis: No aponeurosis, tendinous intersections
- Rectus abdominis origin: Pubis
- Rectus abdominis insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilage
- Rectus abdominis action: Flexes the trunk
- Anterolateral wall layers (order): Skin, Camper's fascia, Scarpa's fascia, external abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, peritoneum (fat), viscera.
- Peritoneum: Serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and abdominal viscera
- Peritoneum layers: Parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)
- Peritoneal cavity: Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum
- Rectus sheath: Fibrous sheath of external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
- Arcuate line: Lower edge of posterior rectus sheath
- Posterior rectus sheath: Incomplete
- Inguinal ligament: Inferior edge of external oblique aponeurosis
- Inguinal ligament span: ASIS to pubic tubercle
- Inguinal canal: Passageway through abdominal wall
- Inguinal canal rings: Deep inguinal ring (transversalis fascia defect), superficial inguinal ring (external oblique aponeurosis arch)
- Inguinal canal formation: Testes descent via gubernaculum, pulling structures
- Male inguinal canal contents: Spermatic cord, female: round ligament
- Inguinal hernia: Abdominal contents protrude through abdominal wall weakness.
- Superior epigastric artery branch: Internal thoracic artery.
- Inferior epigastric artery branch: External iliac artery.
- Superficial epigastric artery branch: Femoral artery
- Superior & inferior epigastric arteries location: Deep to rectus abdominis
- Superficial epigastric artery location: Superficial to rectus sheath
- Anterolateral wall nerve supply (motor): Thoraco-abdominal nerves and subcostal nerve.
- Anterolateral wall nerve supply (sensory): Thoraco-abdominal nerves
- Thoraco-abdominal nerves: VPR of intercostal nerves 7-11
- Lumbar plexus nerves: Iliohypogastric (superior) and ilioinguinal (inferior)
- Dermatome: Strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
- Dermatome for belly button: T10
- Posterior abdominal wall major muscles: Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, iliacus.
- Psoas major origin: Lumbar vertebrae
- Psoas major insertion: Femur
- Psoas major action: Hip/thigh flexion
- Quadratus lumborum origin: 12th rib
- Quadratus lumborum insertion: Iliac crest
- Quadratus lumborum action: Minor lateral flexion
- Iliacus origin: Iliac fossa
- Iliacus insertion: Femur
- Iliacus action: Hip/thigh flexion
- Diaphragm innervation: Phrenic nerve
- Diaphragm hiatus locations: Caval hiatus (T8), esophageal hiatus (T10), aortic hiatus (T12)
- Diaphragm ligaments: Medial arcuate ligament (lumbar vertebrae), lateral arcuate ligament (12th rib)
- Kidney location: T12-L3
- Kidney anchors: Inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta
- Kidney connective tissues: Paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule
- Kidney layers (outermost to innermost): Paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule
- Kidney structure (outer to inner): Cortex (filtration), medulla (pyramids), minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis.
- Aortic bifurcation location: L4
- Aortic unpaired branches: Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
- Aortic unpaired branch supplying foregut: Celiac trunk
- Aortic unpaired branch supplying midgut: Superior mesenteric artery
- Aortic unpaired branch supplying hindgut: Inferior mesenteric artery
- Inferior vena cava location: Right of abdominal aorta
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