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Questions and Answers
Where is the right subhepatic space located?
Where is the right subhepatic space located?
What is another name for the posterior right subhepatic space?
What is another name for the posterior right subhepatic space?
The lesser sac is located between which two organs?
The lesser sac is located between which two organs?
Which space is also referred to as the space of Retzius?
Which space is also referred to as the space of Retzius?
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Which peritoneal cavity space is divided into right and left?
Which peritoneal cavity space is divided into right and left?
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Which benign abdominal tumor is commonly found in the kidney and consists of blood vessels, muscle, and fat?
Which benign abdominal tumor is commonly found in the kidney and consists of blood vessels, muscle, and fat?
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Which malignant abdominal tumor originates in the hepatocytes of the liver?
Which malignant abdominal tumor originates in the hepatocytes of the liver?
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Pheochromocytoma, a tumor consisting of chromaffin cells, is commonly located in the:
Pheochromocytoma, a tumor consisting of chromaffin cells, is commonly located in the:
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What type of tumor is a Teratoma, and where is it commonly located?
What type of tumor is a Teratoma, and where is it commonly located?
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Which malignant tumor is commonly found in the spleen and affects the lining of vessels?
Which malignant tumor is commonly found in the spleen and affects the lining of vessels?
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What type of tumor is Hemangioma and where is it not commonly located?
What type of tumor is Hemangioma and where is it not commonly located?
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Which tumor is characterized by the formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections?
Which tumor is characterized by the formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections?
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Which malignant tumor primarily consists of trophoblastic cells and is commonly found in the testicle?
Which malignant tumor primarily consists of trophoblastic cells and is commonly found in the testicle?
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Focal nodular hyperplasia results from an abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of which organ?
Focal nodular hyperplasia results from an abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of which organ?
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Which common pediatric malignant abdominal mass is typically found in the kidney?
Which common pediatric malignant abdominal mass is typically found in the kidney?
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Which tumor marker is associated with pancreatic cancer?
Which tumor marker is associated with pancreatic cancer?
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What does the extended FAST (eFAST) examination include that the standard FAST does not?
What does the extended FAST (eFAST) examination include that the standard FAST does not?
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Which tumor marker is used to detect prostate cancer?
Which tumor marker is used to detect prostate cancer?
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Where is a yolk sac tumor commonly located?
Where is a yolk sac tumor commonly located?
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What is the primary purpose of a FAST examination?
What is the primary purpose of a FAST examination?
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Which pediatric malignant abdominal mass is commonly located in the adrenal gland?
Which pediatric malignant abdominal mass is commonly located in the adrenal gland?
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Which condition is characterized by primary adrenal gland insufficiency resulting in deficient cortisol and aldosterone production?
Which condition is characterized by primary adrenal gland insufficiency resulting in deficient cortisol and aldosterone production?
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Which inherited condition causes cysts in multiple organs and is typically discovered in adults?
Which inherited condition causes cysts in multiple organs and is typically discovered in adults?
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Which syndrome results from the narrowing or occlusion of the hepatic veins and potentially the IVC?
Which syndrome results from the narrowing or occlusion of the hepatic veins and potentially the IVC?
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Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract?
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What condition is associated with an inherited disorder that leads to hepatic fibrosis and is usually identified in utero or in newborns?
What condition is associated with an inherited disorder that leads to hepatic fibrosis and is usually identified in utero or in newborns?
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Which disease causes an ectasia or narrowing of the bile ducts?
Which disease causes an ectasia or narrowing of the bile ducts?
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Which growth disorder increases the risk for kidney and liver cancer in children?
Which growth disorder increases the risk for kidney and liver cancer in children?
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Which condition results from high levels of aldosterone commonly caused by an adrenal gland adenoma?
Which condition results from high levels of aldosterone commonly caused by an adrenal gland adenoma?
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What does the Water lily sign indicate on an abdominal sonography?
What does the Water lily sign indicate on an abdominal sonography?
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Which sign is defined by an M-mode tracing indicating normal lung sliding?
Which sign is defined by an M-mode tracing indicating normal lung sliding?
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Which location is associated with the pseudo-gallbladder sign?
Which location is associated with the pseudo-gallbladder sign?
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What condition is indicated by the Champagne sign on sonography?
What condition is indicated by the Champagne sign on sonography?
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What is visualized with the Starry sky sign on an ultrasound of the liver?
What is visualized with the Starry sky sign on an ultrasound of the liver?
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What type of structure is visualized in the thyroid gland with the ‘thyroid inferno’ sign?
What type of structure is visualized in the thyroid gland with the ‘thyroid inferno’ sign?
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Which abdominal sign is associated with a hyperechoic edematous tissue surrounding an inflamed appendix?
Which abdominal sign is associated with a hyperechoic edematous tissue surrounding an inflamed appendix?
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Which condition is indicated by the Central dot sign on sonography?
Which condition is indicated by the Central dot sign on sonography?
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What does the Doughnut sign (target sign) indicate in abdominal sonography?
What does the Doughnut sign (target sign) indicate in abdominal sonography?
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What is the Barcode sign indicative of in lung sonography?
What is the Barcode sign indicative of in lung sonography?
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Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males?
Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males?
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Which disease is commonly associated with jaundice, pain, and fever due to a stone lodged in the cystic duct?
Which disease is commonly associated with jaundice, pain, and fever due to a stone lodged in the cystic duct?
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What are the affected organs in Marfan syndrome?
What are the affected organs in Marfan syndrome?
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Which syndrome involves damaged kidney filtration leading to excessive protein in the urine?
Which syndrome involves damaged kidney filtration leading to excessive protein in the urine?
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Which of the following is a rare genetic disorder that results in the development of tumors within various organs?
Which of the following is a rare genetic disorder that results in the development of tumors within various organs?
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Which condition is characterized by the body's inability to break down glycogen?
Which condition is characterized by the body's inability to break down glycogen?
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In which disease does the body produce abnormally shaped red blood cells?
In which disease does the body produce abnormally shaped red blood cells?
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Which syndrome involves the inflamed left renal vein being compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta?
Which syndrome involves the inflamed left renal vein being compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta?
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Study Notes
Multisystem Disorders, Diseases, or Syndromes
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Addison disease: Primary adrenal gland insufficiency where the glands produce too little cortisol and aldosterone
- Affects: Adrenal glands
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Inherited condition that causes cysts in multiple organs; usually seen in adults later in life, but may be discovered earlier
- Affects: Kidneys, liver, spleen, and pancreas
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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: Inherited condition that causes cysts in the kidneys, renal failure, and hepatic fibrosis; usually discovered in utero or in newborns
- Affects: Kidneys and liver
- AIDS and HIV: Virus that attacks the immune system
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Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: Growth disorder that causes enlargement of many organs and structures; increased risk for kidney and liver cancer in children
- Affects: Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin tumors (Kaposi sarcoma)
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Budd-Chiari syndrome: Narrowing or occlusion of the hepatic veins and possibly IVC
- Affects: Liver and IVC
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Caroli disease: Ectasia or narrowing of the bile ducts
- Affects: Biliary tract
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Conn syndrome: Results from high levels of aldosterone; can be caused by adrenal adenoma
- Affects: Adrenal glands
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Crohn disease: Autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
- Affects: Gastrointestinal tract
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Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome: Cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and dilation of the umbilical and paraumbilical veins
- Affects: Liver
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Cushing syndrome: Results from high levels of cortisol; can be caused by adrenal adenoma
- Affects: Adrenal glands
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Cystic fibrosis: Inherited disorder in which mucus-secreting glands produce thick and sticky secretions
- Affects: Multiple organs
Benign Abdominal/Small Part Tumors
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Adenoma: Tumor of glandular origin
- Found in: Most organs
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Adrenal rest tumor: Tumor containing adrenal tissue
- Found in: Testicle
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Angiomyolipoma: Tumor of blood vessels, muscle, and fat
- Found in: Kidney
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Focal nodular hyperplasia: Abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ
- Found in: Liver
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Granuloma: Tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells
- Found in: Liver and spleen
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Gastrinoma: Tumor that secretes gastrin
- Found in: Pancreas
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Hamartoma: Tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ
- Found in: Kidney
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Hemangioma: Tumor consisting of blood vessels
- Found in: Liver, spleen, and kidney
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Hematoma: Localized collection of blood
- Found in: Anywhere an organ/tissue is affected by trauma
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Insulinoma: Tumor that secretes insulin
- Found in: Pancreas
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Lipoma: Tumor that consists of fat
- Found in: Liver, spleen, kidney, and superficial locations
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Oncocytoma: Tumor consisting of oncocytes
- Found in: Kidney
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Pheochromocytoma: Tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland
- Found in: Adrenal gland
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Teratoma: Tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers
- Found in: Testicle/ovary
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Urinoma: Localized collection of urine
- Found in: Adjacent to a kidney transplant
Malignant Abdominal/Small Part Tumors
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Adenocarcinoma: Cancer of glandular origin
- Found in: Pancreas and gastrointestinal tract
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Angiosarcoma: Cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular)
- Found in: Spleen
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Choriocarcinoma: Cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells
- Found in: Testicle
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Cholangiocarcinoma: Cancer of the bile ducts
- Found in: Biliary tree
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Cystadenocarcinoma: Cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components
- Found in: Pancreas
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Embryonal cell carcinoma: Cancer that is of germ cell origin
- Found in: Testicle
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Follicular carcinoma: Cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells
- Found in: Thyroid
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma): Cancer that originates in the hepatocytes
- Found in: Liver
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Hypernephroma (renal cell carcinoma): Cancer that originates in the tubules of the kidney
- Found in: Kidney
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Leukemia (focal): Cancer of the blood cells
- Found in: Spleen, kidney, liver, and testicle
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Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system; classified as Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Found in: Spleen, kidney, and testicle
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Medullary carcinoma: Cancer originating from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
- Found in: Thyroid
Abdominal Sonography Review
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Ball-on-the-wall sign: Appearance of a gallbladder polyp
- Found in: Gallbladder
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Barcode sign: Abnormal M-mode appearance of lung sliding indicating pneumothorax
- Found in: Lungs
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Blue dot sign: Torsed appendage of the testicle that can be seen superficially
- Found in: Scrotum
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Central dot sign: Echogenic dot in dilated intrahepatic ducts associated with Caroli disease
- Found in: Intrahepatic biliary ducts
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Cervix sign: Appearance of pyloric stenosis in the long axis
- Found in: Pyloric sphincter of stomach
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Champaign sign: Air within the gallbladder wall associated with emphysematous cholecystitis
- Found in: Gallbladder
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Cinnamon bun sign: Short axis appearance of intussusception
- Found in: Bowel
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Double-duct sign: Dilatation of both the pancreatic and common bile duct
- Found in: Pancreas and biliary tract
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Doughnut sign (target sign): Appearance of pyloric stenosis in the short axis
- Found in: Pyloric sphincter of stomach
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Keyboard sign: Seen in small bowel obstruction
- Found in: Small bowel
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McBurney sign: Pain over McBurney point in the right lower quadrant
- Found in: Right lower quadrant
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Mickey sign: Cross-sectional appearance of the porta hepatis
- Found in: Liver
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Murphy sign: Pain with probe pressure over the gallbladder
- Found in: Right upper quadrant
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Olive sign: Palpable hypertrophic pyloric muscle associated with pyloric stenosis
- Found in: Pyloric sphincter of stomach
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Parallel tube sign (shotgun sign): Dilatation of both the common duct and portal vein
- Found in: Liver hilum
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Pseudogallbladder sign: Cystic structure noted in the gallbladder fossa without evidence of an actual gallbladder; associated with biliary atresia in children
- Found in: Liver
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Pseudokidney sign: Longitudinal appearance of intussusception (may be used for some bowel masses also)
- Found in: Bowel
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Rovsing sign: Right lower quadrant pain when the left lower quadrant is palpated
- Found in: Right lower quadrant
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Sandwich sign (shotgun sign): Abnormal lymph node enlargement associated with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
- Found in: Abdominal aorta and IVC
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Starry sky sign: Bright portal triads seen with hepatitis
- Found in: Liver
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Thyroid in the belly sign: Hyperechoic edematous tissue surrounding an inflamed appendix
- Found in: Appendix
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Triangle cord sign: Avascular, triangular, or tubular structure representing fibrous replacement of duct associated with biliary atresia
- Found in: Liver hilum
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Turtleback sign: Calcified septa and fibrosis associated with schistosomiasis
- Found in: Liver
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Wall-echo-shadow (WES) sign: Appearance of a gallbladder completely filled with stones
- Found in: Gallbladder
- Water lily sign: Pericyst surrounding a free floating endocyst; associated with a hy
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Description
Review multisystem disorders, diseases, and syndromes related to abdominal sonography, including Addison disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
