General Surgery - Main

What does the 'C' in the 'SOCRATES' acronym used for abdominal pain history taking stand for?

Which of the following is NOT a common non-traumatic cause of acute abdomen?

Visceral abdominal pain is often described as:

Somatic pain in the abdomen is mediated by which nervous system component?

Biliary pain referred to the right shoulder is mediated by which nerve?

Lower abdominal pain could potentially originate from which of the following?

Why might the precise localization of visceral pain be challenging in the abdomen?

What is the typical initial symptom of acute appendicitis?

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with acute appendicitis?

In cases of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm or ectopic pregnancy, what is the most life-threatening immediate risk if it is not addressed promptly?

What does the presence of melaena suggest?

Why is it crucial to inquire about a female patient's last menstrual period (LMP) during an abdominal examination?

What is the correct order of steps in a standard abdominal examination?

What does the presence of spider naevi typically indicate?

What does shifting dullness indicate during abdominal percussion?

A patient presents with spoon-shaped fingers (koilonychia). Which condition is most likely associated with this finding?

Which of the following laboratory tests is most indicative of pancreatitis?

What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs contribute to the formation of peptic ulcers?

In the context of a perforated peptic ulcer, what clinical finding is most commonly observed on an erect chest X-ray?

Which symptom is LEAST likely to be associated with intestinal obstruction?

What is the most common acute abdominal surgical emergency in young adults?

A patient presents with severe back pain and is suspected of having acute pancreatitis. Which of the following etiologies is LEAST likely to be associated with this condition?

During the embryological development of the thyroid gland, where does it originate?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by normal levels of T3 and T4 hormones?

A surgeon performs a thyroidectomy and places a surgical drain. According to the principles outlined, what is the primary factor determining when the drain should be removed?

A patient presents with a midline neck swelling. Which of the following is the LEAST likely differential diagnosis?

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with signs of sepsis?

What is the primary physiological effect of endotoxin-induced vasodilation in septicemic shock?

In the context of 'sepsis six' management, what initial intervention is recommended to address inadequate tissue oxygenation?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of 'shock' in a medical context?

According to the provided information, which condition might be suspected in a patient presenting with shock and coma but without obvious signs of infection?

Considering the 'give and take' approach to sepsis management, which of the following is classified under the 'take' category?

A patient presents with acute confusion, and their caregiver reports a recent increase in NSAID use for chronic pain. According to the information, what is the MOST appropriate initial action?

A patient is suspected of having sepsis but does not initially present with a fever. Which crucial assessment finding warrants the MOST urgent intervention according to the safety netting mnemonic 'SEPSIS'?

A patient reports abdominal pain that began vaguely around their umbilicus but has now become sharp and localized in the right lower quadrant. Which of the following best explains this progression?

A patient presents with severe abdominal pain. Upon taking their history, they report experiencing similar pain previously that was relieved by lying perfectly still. What aspect of the SOCRATES acronym does this detail directly address?

A patient is diagnosed with a perforated peptic ulcer. Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to the intense, localized abdominal pain they are experiencing?

A patient experiencing acute abdominal pain describes it as a dull, cramping pain around their umbilicus. Based on this description, which of the following is the most likely origin of the pain?

A patient is being evaluated for acute abdominal pain. While taking their history, they mention experiencing recent chest pain and shortness of breath. Why is this information most important?

A patient presents with sudden onset abdominal pain that is exacerbated by movement. They are cold and sweaty with shallow breaths, and a rigid abdomen. An erect CXR reveals free gas under the diaphragm. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Which of the following mechanisms BEST describes how Helicobacter pylori contributes to the formation of peptic ulcers?

A 25-year-old presents with periumbilical pain that has migrated to the right iliac fossa. They have anorexia and nausea. Which of the following examination findings would MOST strongly suggest acute appendicitis?

A patient presents with severe back pain and elevated amylase levels. Which combination of factors would MOST strongly suggest a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?

In the context of acute appendicitis, what is the most likely reason for the initial periumbilical pain?

A patient presents with a midline neck mass. Considering the provided information, which of the following conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis?

A female patient presents with acute abdominal pain. Why is it essential to inquire about her last menstrual period (LMP) and consider pregnancy?

A patient who underwent a thyroidectomy has a surgical drain in place. Which principle should guide the decision on when to remove the drain?

During an abdominal examination, what does the finding of 'shifting dullness' upon percussion most likely indicate?

A patient's hands show spoon-shaped fingers (koilonychia). What underlying condition should the examiner suspect?

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Intestinal Obstruction?

What key feature differentiates somatic pain from visceral pain in abdominal conditions like appendicitis?

If a patient has spider naevi visible on their abdomen, what underlying condition is most likely?

During the abdominal examination of a patient presenting with abdominal distension, resonant percussion notes are observed. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?

Melaena is reported in a patient's history. What does this finding suggest about the source and nature of the bleeding?

A patient presents with abdominal pain. Which of the following historical details would be MOST helpful in differentiating between visceral and somatic pain?

A patient reports right shoulder pain in addition to acute abdominal pain thought to be biliary in origin. Which nerve mediates this referred pain to the shoulder?

In the context of acute abdominal pain assessment, an ectopic pregnancy would MOST likely be a differential for pain originating from which location?

A patient is being evaluated for possible acute abdomen. Which of the following conditions is most likely to present with both visceral and somatic pain components?

A patient is suspected of having an acute abdomen. If a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is the cause, what is the most critical and immediate risk?

A patient presents with extreme abdominal pain that started suddenly and worsens with movement. They also report feeling cold and sweaty. An erect chest X-ray reveals free gas under the diaphragm. Which condition is the MOST likely diagnosis, considering this presentation?

A patient with a history of chronic NSAID use presents with signs of a perforated peptic ulcer. Which of the following mechanisms explains how NSAIDs contribute to this condition?

A young adult presents with periumbilical pain that has migrated to the right iliac fossa. They also report anorexia and nausea. Which sequence of events BEST reflects the typical progression of symptoms in acute appendicitis?

A patient is suspected of having acute pancreatitis. Which combination of laboratory findings and clinical presentation would MOST strongly support this diagnosis?

A 30-year-old patient presents with a midline neck swelling. While a thyroglossal duct cyst is considered, which other condition should be included in the differential diagnosis?

A surgeon is performing a thyroidectomy. What is the PRIMARY purpose of placing a surgical drain following this procedure?

A patient presents with a goiter. How would you classify a goiter that involves the entire thyroid gland with no distinct nodules?

In the context of acute appendicitis, what physiological process explains the shift from periumbilical pain to right iliac fossa pain?

What gynecological or obstetric condition should be highly considered when assessing a female patient presenting with lower abdominal pain?

Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause of spider naevi observed during an abdominal examination?

A patient presents with abdominal distension. Percussion reveals a resonant sound. What does this finding suggest?

What is the significance of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting in the history of a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain?

Why is it important to perform percussion during an abdominal examination?

During an abdominal examination, what is the purpose of progressing from gentle to deep palpation?

A patient reports having black, tarry stools (melaena). What does this finding suggest about the source and nature of the bleeding?

Referred Pain

Biliary Pain Referral

Visceral Pain

Visceral pain localization

Somatic/Parietal Pain

Somatic Pain Causes

'SOCRATES' Pain Assessment

Common Causes of Acute Abdomen

Periumbilical Colic

Appendicitis in Children

Right Iliac Fossa Pain

Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting

Melaena

Shifting Dullness

Ascites

Intestinal Obstruction

Acute Confusional State (ACS)

Signs of Sepsis

Septicaemic Shock

Shock (General)

Sepsis Safety-Netting (SEP-SIS)

Sepsis Management (Give)

Sepsis Management (Take)

Draining Minimally

Amylase (Laboratory Test)

Laparoscopy

Peptic Ulcer Aetiology

Perforated Peptic Ulcer

Intestinal Obstruction Symptoms

Acute Appendicitis Symptoms

Acute Pancreatitis Aetiology

Thyroid Gland Origin

Goitre

Thyroid Cancer Types

Referred Abdominal Pain

Abdominal Pain History

Acute Abdomen Causes

Somatic Pain in Appendicitis

Appendicitis Symptoms

Altered Bowel Habit

Melaena Definition

Ruptured Follicle Pain

Ectopic Pregnancy Pain

Inspection (Abdomen)

Ascites Test

Full Blood Count (FBC)

Biochemistry (Lab Tests)

Erect Chest X-Ray

Goitre Types

Lateral Neck Swelling - DDx

Thyroidectomy

Referred (Visceral) Pain

Somatic Pain

Abdominal Pain in Females

Abdominal Examination Order

Ascites Definition

Percussion (Abdomen)

Abdominal Distension

Spider Naevus

Koilonychia

Goitre Definition

Euthyroid Definition

Hypothyroid Definition

Hyperthyroid Definition

Surgical Drains Function

Urea and Electrolytes

Sub-Phrenic Irritation