Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term describes the condition of large intestinal dilation with opaque faecal material?
Which term describes the condition of large intestinal dilation with opaque faecal material?
What should be avoided if there is a risk of perforation or swallowing disorder?
What should be avoided if there is a risk of perforation or swallowing disorder?
What is a prerequisite action before performing a barium swallow study?
What is a prerequisite action before performing a barium swallow study?
Where is barium sulfate typically administered for gastrointestinal contrast studies?
Where is barium sulfate typically administered for gastrointestinal contrast studies?
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What effect does an enlarged prostate have on the large bowel?
What effect does an enlarged prostate have on the large bowel?
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Which of the following is not an indication for abdominal radiography?
Which of the following is not an indication for abdominal radiography?
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What is the recommended exposure setting for obtaining abdominal radiographs?
What is the recommended exposure setting for obtaining abdominal radiographs?
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What should be done prior to conducting a urinary study?
What should be done prior to conducting a urinary study?
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During which phase should the abdominal radiograph be taken to minimize motion blur?
During which phase should the abdominal radiograph be taken to minimize motion blur?
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Which of the following patient positions is not typically used for standard abdominal radiographic views?
Which of the following patient positions is not typically used for standard abdominal radiographic views?
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How many views should ideally be taken of every vomiting animal?
How many views should ideally be taken of every vomiting animal?
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Which statement about patient preparation is incorrect for conducting an abdominal study?
Which statement about patient preparation is incorrect for conducting an abdominal study?
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What is one way to reduce scatter in abdominal radiography?
What is one way to reduce scatter in abdominal radiography?
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What is the primary method used to assess the anatomy of the bladder?
What is the primary method used to assess the anatomy of the bladder?
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Which stones are known to be radio-opaque when examining the bladder?
Which stones are known to be radio-opaque when examining the bladder?
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What should be evaluated in the kidneys when performing a radiographic analysis?
What should be evaluated in the kidneys when performing a radiographic analysis?
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What condition is characterized by generalized hepatomegaly and is often diagnosed via ultrasound-guided FNA?
What condition is characterized by generalized hepatomegaly and is often diagnosed via ultrasound-guided FNA?
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What can artificially prolong gastric emptying in animals?
What can artificially prolong gastric emptying in animals?
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In the case of a portosystemic shunt, what notable radiographic finding is observed?
In the case of a portosystemic shunt, what notable radiographic finding is observed?
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What is a common cause of haemoabdomen regarding the spleen and liver?
What is a common cause of haemoabdomen regarding the spleen and liver?
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Which imaging technique is required to visualize the ureters and urethra?
Which imaging technique is required to visualize the ureters and urethra?
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What is the primary preparation required before conducting a double contrast cystogram?
What is the primary preparation required before conducting a double contrast cystogram?
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Which contrast medium is classified as a positive contrast for urinary tract studies?
Which contrast medium is classified as a positive contrast for urinary tract studies?
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What is a critical step prior to exposure during a retrograde urethrogram?
What is a critical step prior to exposure during a retrograde urethrogram?
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What indicates a requirement for a retrograde vagino-urethrogram?
What indicates a requirement for a retrograde vagino-urethrogram?
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In a double contrast cystogram, after filling the bladder with gas, what is the next step before exposure?
In a double contrast cystogram, after filling the bladder with gas, what is the next step before exposure?
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What does an enlargement of the spleen indicate when interpreting an abdominal radiograph?
What does an enlargement of the spleen indicate when interpreting an abdominal radiograph?
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When considering opacity in abdominal imaging, what is a common cause of abnormal mineralisation?
When considering opacity in abdominal imaging, what is a common cause of abnormal mineralisation?
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What does loss of serosal detail in an abdominal radiograph typically indicate?
What does loss of serosal detail in an abdominal radiograph typically indicate?
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Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is located cranially in the abdomen and caudally to the liver?
Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is located cranially in the abdomen and caudally to the liver?
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What can free abdominal gas in the abdomen indicate in the context of gastrointestinal health?
What can free abdominal gas in the abdomen indicate in the context of gastrointestinal health?
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What is the definition of ileus in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the definition of ileus in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which measurement indicates an abnormal dilation of the small intestine?
Which measurement indicates an abnormal dilation of the small intestine?
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What is one of the potential causes of obstructive ileus?
What is one of the potential causes of obstructive ileus?
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What does the 'gravel sign' on a radiograph indicate?
What does the 'gravel sign' on a radiograph indicate?
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What characteristic is typically associated with intussusception in younger animals?
What characteristic is typically associated with intussusception in younger animals?
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How is intussusception commonly diagnosed?
How is intussusception commonly diagnosed?
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What condition can lead to functional ileus?
What condition can lead to functional ileus?
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What specific anatomical site is commonly affected by intussusception?
What specific anatomical site is commonly affected by intussusception?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Imaging
- Abdominal imaging is used in small animal practice to diagnose various conditions.
- Learning outcomes include describing positioning, required views, aspects confounding interpretation, and contrast media use.
- Indications for abdominal radiography include abdominal distension, palpable masses, weight loss, abdominal pain, screening for neoplasia, trauma, gastrointestinal signs, urinary signs, and reproductive tract examination.
- General considerations for abdominal radiography include low kV and high mAs exposure, end-expiratory views, reducing scatter by using a grid.
- Patient preparation involves withholding food for 12 hours, allowing defecation and urination before the study, performing an enema if needed for urinary studies, and ensuring the animal's coat is clean.
- Standard radiographic views include ventrodorsal, right lateral, left lateral, dorsoventral, and decubitus lateral. Three views are recommended for vomiting animals.
- Röntgen signs for abdominal radiograph review may include size comparison, shape analysis, number checks, opacity assessment (for mineralisation or foreign objects), and margination assessment to note the presence of free abdominal fluid.
- The gastrointestinal tract is evaluated, focusing on the stomach (cranial abdomen, caudal to liver), its opacity depending on content, gas distribution based on position, and ultrasound being optimal for wall layering, serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa, along with the lumen.
- The small intestine is assessed considering ileus (failure of ingesta to pass), abnormal diameter (greater than 1.6 x height lumbar vertebrae L5), fluid/gas/mixture presence in dilated loops, and assessment of the number of dilated loops.
- Foreign bodies may be metallic or mineralized and could be present.
- Intussusception, present in younger animals, may be related to worms or in older animals to neoplasia. This shows as an illeocolic junction with a "sausage shape" mass in the abdomen. Ultrasound is beneficial for diagnosis.
- Large intestine anatomy (ascending, transverse, and descending colon) is essential for its interpretation.
- The large intestine, with relatively consistent appearance, shows various heterogeneous faecal material. Constipation may be present with large intestinal dilation, opaque faecal material, and possible caused by bone ingestion.
- Displacement signs in the abdomen, like ventral (kidney, sublumbar lymph nodes, retroperitoneal space) or dorsal (enlarged prostate, uterus, and bladder), should be noted.
- Contrast studies using barium sulphate are useful, but now often superseded by other modalities, and are either given orally or rectally. This is relatively palatable and can coat the mucosa. But is contraindicated if perforation or swallowing disorders are present (due to aspiration risk).
- For barium swallows, starvation for 12-24 hours is required. Liquid barium is given (via stomach tube). Immediate lateral and ventrodorsal views are needed, including the thoracic cavity. The image should show luminal filling defects. Barium meals need 24-hour starvation. Mix food with barium and feed to the animal. Serial images are taken to assess gastric emptying and abdominal transit times. Gastric emptying can be slower during stress.
- Liver and spleen analysis might show generalized hepatomegaly, caudal displacement of the pylorus, and non-specific findings. Ultrasound-guided FNA is necessary for diagnosis. Neoplasia may present as generalized hepatomegaly, or a cranial abdominal mass in the liver, or a variable-sized mid-abdominal mass in the spleen. Common cause of haemoabdomen involves loss of serosal detail and microhepatica.
- Urinary tract analysis considers size, shape, and opacity of the kidneys, no information on function, length assessments, ureters, urethras, location, size, and shape of the bladder for each.
- Contrast studies in urinary tract include double-contrast cystograms, retrograde urethrograms, vaginourethrograms, and intravenous urographies using water-soluble contrast materials like "Conray" or "Omnipaque," air, or CO2. Patient prep includes enemas, and plain radiographs are typically taken first.
- Contrast studies of the urinary tract like double-contrast cystography include general anaesthesia, urinary catheter insertion, bladder filling with gas or contrast, and catheter removal before imaging.
- Retrograde urethrograms involve catheter placement in the terminal urethra, possible foley catheter use, exposure during or after injection, and positioning. Male, dysuria, and anatomical abnormalities are potential indications.
- Retrograde vaginourethrograms require general anaesthesia, catheter placement into the vestibule and clamping, gentle contrast injection, exposure prior to injection termination, and female, bladder wall rupture, and urethral disease as potential indications.
- Intravenous urethrography involves checking renal parameters, administering IV fluids, inducing general anesthesia, and avoiding withholding fluids; Contrast material is injected intravenously.
- Ultrasound and radiography are used together due to foreign body detection limitations, diarrhoea assessment, abdominal mass characterisation, fluid assessment and sample collection, and evaluation of the whole radiograph, not just the area of interest.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the principles and techniques of abdominal imaging in small animal practice. Participants will learn about positioning, required views, patient preparation, and the role of contrast media in diagnosing conditions. Ideal for veterinary students and professionals seeking to enhance their imaging knowledge.
