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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

  • To filter waste products from the blood
  • To concentrate filtrate and convert it to urine (correct)
  • To produce hormones that regulate electrolyte balance
  • To regulate blood pressure

    • What is the primary symptom of anaphylaxis?

  • Dyspnea
  • Hypotension
  • Tachycardia
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the treatment for a patient with sickle cell disease?

  • Supplemental oxygen via NRB and IV fluid therapy
  • Warm compresses and position of comfort
  • Rapid transport and nitrous oxide for pain
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the common side effect of an ACE inhibitor?

    <p>Angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of IV fluid therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key indicator of sepsis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of meningitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for communicable diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assessment tool for stroke-like symptoms?

    <p>FAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological intervention for a seizure patient?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of a lower GI bleed?

    <p>Bright red blood in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the jejunum in the small intestine?

    <p>Moves chyme forward and absorbs nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common preexisting condition for struvite stones?

    <p>Chronic UTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hyperglycemic crisis?

    <p>IV and fluid resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of a thyroid storm?

    <p>Severe tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Fruity odor of ketones on breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peritoneum?

    <p>Covers the abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common preexisting condition for uric acid stones?

    <p>History of gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of hypoglycemic crisis?

    <p>Loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a generalized seizure?

    <p>Affecting large portions of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for a postictal patient?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a simple partial seizure?

    <p>Movement of one part of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of delirium tremens?

    <p>Alcohol withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a headache?

    <p>Administering medications for pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a clonic phase?

    <p>Intermittent contractions of major muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a cranial nerve disorder?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sign of a postictal phase?

    <p>Confusion and inability to follow commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of IV access?

    <p>Infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a pseudoseizure?

    <p>Loss of consciousness triggered by an emotional event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position when dealing with a patient that poses a safety risk?

    <p>Position yourself to the side at a 45 degree angle, with escape route unobstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of people required to restrain a patient physically?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment for a delusional patient?

    <p>Explain what you're doing and keep orienting the patient to time, place, and people in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of an anti-depressant overdose?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a benzodiazepine overdose?

    <p>Administer flumazenil (Romazicon) via slow IV push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for an opioid overdose?

    <p>Administer naloxone (Narcan) via slow IV push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for airway burns?

    <p>RSI and intubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for cocaine toxicity?

    <p>Supportive care, maintain airway, and administer benzodiazepines to control anxiety and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for organophosphate poisoning?

    <p>Decontamination, maintain airway, and administer 1 mg atropine IV/IO push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action when dealing with an armed patient?

    <p>Back off and call law enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the text:

    Abdominal Emergencies

    • Anatomy and physiology of the abdomen:
      • GLASSS-P: Gallbladder, Liver, Appendix, Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas
      • Small intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
      • Large intestine: Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Anus
      • Peritoneum: Parietal peritoneum (lining that contains abdominal organs), Visceral peritoneum (lining that covers organs), Peritoneal cavity (space between parietal and visceral peritoneum)
    • Communicable disease prevention: PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
    • Identifying and treating a patient with internal abdominal bleeding:
      • Upper GI bleed: melena (dark, tarry stool)
      • Lower GI bleed: hematochezia (bright red blood in stool)
      • Management: fluid resuscitation (1,000 ml of normal saline or lactated ringer solution)
    • Preexisting conditions for kidney stones:
      • Struvite stones: more common in women, chronic UTIs, frequent catheterization
      • Uric acid stones: history of gout, more common in dry and arid regions
      • Cystine stones: causes large amounts of amino acids and proteins excreted in urine
    • Signs and symptoms of a lower GI bleed:
      • Hematochezia (bright red blood in stool)
    • Signs and symptoms of abdominal aneurysms:
      • Pain in abdomen, back, or flank
      • Nausea
      • Pulsating abdominal mass
    • Signs and symptoms of an abdominal infection:
      • Peritonitis: diffuse abdominal pain, increase pain with coughing
      • Dunphy sign: rebound pain
      • Febrile, tachycardic, anorexic, nauseous, vomiting, dehydrated, and septic
    • Signs and symptoms of an upper GI bleed:
      • Melena (dark, tarry stool)
    • Treatment for GI bleeds:
      • IV and fluid resuscitation
      • Pain medications: meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol), morphine, ketorolac (Toradol)

    Endocrine Disorders

    • Preexisting conditions for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Non-Ketotic (HHNK):
      • Hyperglycemia
      • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
      • Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
    • Signs and symptoms of a hyperglycemic crisis:
      • Polyuria (increased urine)
      • Polydipsia (increased thirst)
      • Polyphagia (increased hunger)
      • Nausea and vomiting
      • Tachycardia
      • Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid respirations)
      • Warm, dry skin
      • Fruity odor of ketones (acetone smell) on breath
      • Abdominal pain
      • Sometimes fever
    • Signs and symptoms of a thyroid storm:
      • Fever
      • Severe tachycardia
      • Nausea
      • Vomiting
      • Altered mental status
      • Possible heart failure
    • Signs and symptoms of diabetic emergencies:
      • Hypoglycemia: loss of consciousness, altered mental status
      • Hyperglycemia: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, nausea, vomiting, Kussmaul respirations, fruity odor of ketones on breath

    GU/Renal

    • Complications of an acid-base imbalance:
      • Respiratory acidosis: lungs cannot remove excess carbon dioxide, symptoms: systemic or cerebral vasodilation, headache, lightheadedness, warm, flushed skin, CNS depression, bradypnea, nausea, and vomiting
      • Respiratory alkalosis: carbon dioxide levels are too low, symptoms: diminished level of consciousness, lightheadedness, carpopedal spasm, paresthesias of lips and face, chest tightness, confusion, vertigo, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting
      • Metabolic acidosis: vasodilation, CNS depression, headaches, warm, flushed skin, tachypnea, nausea, and vomiting
      • Metabolic alkalosis: confusion, muscle tremors and cramps, bradypnea, hypotension
    • Pathophysiology of respiratory failure: they can’t breathe!
    • Physiology of the buffering system: kidneys monitor hydrogen and bicarbonate levels in tubules of nephrons to maintain pH

    Hematology

    • Treating a patient with sickle cell disease:
      • Supplemental oxygen via NRB
      • Rapid transport
      • IV fluid therapy
      • Warm compresses
      • Position of comfort and cover to maintain body temperature
      • Nitrous oxide for pain

    Immunology

    • Side effects of an ACE inhibitor:
      • Angioedema (swelling of face and tongue)
    • Side effects of IV fluid therapy:
      • Swelling
      • Infection
      • Redness
      • Fever
    • Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis:
      • Extreme allergic reaction involving two or more body systems
      • Key indicators: dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia
      • Skin: warm, flushed, pruritus, swollen, red eyes, swelling of face and tongue, urticaria
      • Respiratory: dyspnea, tightness in throat and chest, stridor, hoarseness, lump in throat, wheezes, crackles
      • Cardiovascular: dysrhythmias, hypotension
      • GI: abdominal cramping, nausea, bloating, vomiting, abdominal distention
      • Central Nervous: headache, dizziness, confusion, anxiety, restlessness, sense of impending doom, altered mental status
    • Treatment for allergic reactions:
      • Oxygen
      • Albuterol/DuoNeb
      • IV
      • Benadryl (25-50mg)
      • EKG
      • Epi (0.3mg)
      • Norepi
      • Transport
    • Treatment for anaphylaxis:
      • Epi (0.3mg adult, 0.15mg pediatric)
      • Oxygen
      • IV (2 lines ideally)
      • Benadryl (25-50mg)
      • Albuterol/DuoNeb
      • Norepi
      • EKG
      • Transport

    Infectious Diseases

    • Medical terminology for contagious childhood diseases:
    • Signs and symptoms of an infection (Sepsis):
      • Shivering, fever or feeling very cold
      • Extreme pain or discomfort
      • Clammy or discolored skin
      • Confusion or disorientation
      • Shortness of breath
      • Elevated heart rate
      • Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA)
    • Signs and symptoms of infectious diseases:
      • Meningitis:
        • Sudden-onset fever
        • Severe headache
        • Stiff neck
        • Kernig Sign
        • Brudzinski sign
        • Photosensitivity
        • Pink rash that becomes purple
        • Changes in mental status
        • Projectile vomiting
      • Seasonal influenza:
        • Systemic fever
        • Shaking chills
        • Headache
        • Muscle pain
        • Malaise
        • Loss of appetite
        • Dry and protracted cough
        • Hoarseness
        • Nasal discharge
    • Transmission of communicable diseases:
      • Contact transmission
      • Droplet transmission
      • Airborne transmission

    Neurological Emergencies

    • Assessing stroke-like symptoms:
      • FAST:
        • Facial droop
        • Arm drift
        • Speech impairment
        • Time is critical
      • Cincinnati Stroke Scale:
        • Facial droop
        • Arm

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the abdominal region, including the organs, small and large intestine, and peritoneum.

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