Abdominal Anatomy and Exam Techniques

Small Intestine

• Jejunum and ileum are responsible for absorbing nutrients and water.

Colon

• Converts undigested materials into feces.
• Stores solid waste.

Liver Roles

• Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, drugs, and toxins.
• Synthesizes bile salts, albumin, and clotting factors.
• Stores glycogen, minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins.

Spleen Roles

• Destroys defective red blood cells and foreign particles.
• Synthesizes certain leukocytes.
• Stores erythrocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes.

Kidney Roles

• Regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes.
• Secretes renin and vitamin D.
• Excretes liquid waste and toxins.

Abdominal Exam - Inspection

• Examine the contour, symmetry, and signs of distension or abnormalities (e.g., obesity, ascites, tumors).

Abdominal Exam - Auscultation

• Normal sounds include high-pitched gurgling.
• Abnormal sounds include rubs and bruits.

Abdominal Exam - Palpation

• Assess for muscle guarding, rigidity, and tenderness.
• Check for masses.

Abdominal Exam - Percussion

• Normal tympany indicates air.
• Dullness may indicate fluid.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) Exams

• The musculoskeletal system comprises 206 bones and over 600 muscles.
• Plays roles in movement, organ protection, and blood cell production.

Midazolam Case: Pharmacological Considerations

• Midazolam is metabolized by CYP3A4.
• 97% of midazolam is protein-bound to albumin.
• The lower GI tract plays a role in drug metabolism through hepatic enzymes (CYPs) and albumin-drug protein binding (high binding, >90%).

Midazolam Case: Diagnostic Procedures

• EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) can be used as a diagnostic tool.