Anatomy Quiz: Abdominal Cavity
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

  • Abdominal walls, rib cage, and diaphragm.
  • Abdominal walls, diaphragm, and pelvis. (correct)
  • Abdominal walls, rib cage, and pelvis.
  • Abdominal walls, diaphragm, and ilium.

The majority of which system's organs are found within the abdominal cavity?

  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Digestive system (correct)
  • Cardiovascular system

In which abdominal quadrant would the majority of the stomach be located?

  • Right Upper Quadrant
  • Left Lower Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant
  • Left Upper Quadrant (correct)

Which of the following organs is located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?

<p>Appendix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is located superior to the umbilical region of the abdomen?

<p>Epigastric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mesentery?

<p>It encloses an organ and connects it to the posterior abdominal wall, providing pathways for nerves, vessels, and lymphatics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peritoneal cavity best described as?

<p>A potential space located between the parietal and visceral peritoneum with a small amount of fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the peritoneal cavity in males compared to females?

<p>It has an opening in females allowing for passage of oocytes from the ovaries to fallopian tube. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a retroperitoneal organ?

<p>An organ partially protruding, remaining external to the peritoneal cavity and posterior to the peritoneum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liver is connected to the anterior abdominal wall by which ligament?

<p>Falciform ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organs is NOT considered intraperitoneal?

<p>Ascending colon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

<p>Round ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which two veins?

<p>Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

<p>Synthesis of plasma proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bare area of the liver is characterized by:

<p>Being in direct contact with the diaphragm and lacking visceral peritoneum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of the digestive system are retroperitoneal?

<p>The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th parts of the duodenum, the ascending and descending colon, and the esophagus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular system bypasses hepatic filtration?

<p>The caval venous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of blood flow to the liver comes from the:

<p>Hepatic portal vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels form a portal-caval anastomosis that can result in caput medusae?

<p>Paraumbilical and epigastric veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common bile duct is formed by the union of which two ducts?

<p>Cystic duct and hepatic duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found within the portal triad?

<p>Splenic vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rugae in the stomach?

<p>To allow expansion of the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hepatogastric ligament is a part of which larger structure?

<p>Lesser omentum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla open into the digestive system?

<p>Second part of the duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the stomach is directly adjacent to the esophagus?

<p>Cardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pyloric sphincter is responsible for:

<p>Preventing reflux of duodenal contents into stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the small intestine is primarily located in the right lower quadrant?

<p>Ileum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thickened free edge of the lesser omentum, that conducts the portal triad, is the:

<p>Hepatoduodenal ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the presynaptic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?

<p>Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord lateral horn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ganglia contains postganglionic neurons that innervate the abdominal viscera?

<p>Prevertebral ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a prevertebral ganglion?

<p>Cervical ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

<p>They carry presynaptic sympathetic fibers to the prevertebral ganglia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the presynaptic sympathetic fibers of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse?

<p>Prevertebral ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a thoracic splanchnic nerve?

<p>Least splanchnic nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The greater splanchnic nerve originates at which spinal cord levels?

<p>T5-T9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do postganglionic fibers of the lesser splanchnic nerve distribute to?

<p>Midgut structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the ileum?

<p>Many short arterial arcades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mesentery proper attaches which organs to the posterior abdominal wall?

<p>Jejunum and ileum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a projection from the inferior part of the head of the pancreas?

<p>Uncinate process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main pancreatic duct merges with the common bile duct to form which structure?

<p>Hepatopancreatic ampulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the large intestine?

<p>Villi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are located at approximately which vertebral levels?

<p>T12-L3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most external layer of the kidney?

<p>Paranephric fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found within the kidney?

<p>Renal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the foregut?

<p>Celiac trunk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT a direct branch of the celiac trunk?

<p>Right gastric artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries are part of the superior mesenteric artery branch?

<p>Ileocolic artery and middle colic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Marginal artery of Drummond' provides an anastomotic connection between which two arteries?

<p>Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is part of the sympathetic nervous system's effect on the GI tract?

<p>Constricts blood vessels to the GI tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve fibers are carried by the splanchnic nerves?

<p>Visceral efferent and afferent fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar splanchnic nerves originate from which spinal cord levels?

<p>L1-L2/L3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plexus innervates the hindgut and pelvic viscera?

<p>Superior hypogastric plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic viscera?

<p>CN X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system typically located?

<p>Near or within the walls of the target organ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The foregut and midgut receive parasympathetic innervation from which nerve?

<p>Vagus nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a head ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Aorticorenal ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary destination for the presynaptic fibers of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

<p>Inferior hypogastric plexus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system involves which spinal cord levels?

<p>S2-S4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the presynaptic fibers of the vagus nerve synapse?

<p>Within the walls of the viscera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic fibers from the lumbar splanchnic nerves follow what to reach the hindgut structures?

<p>Branches of the abdominal aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the location of the presynaptic cell bodies of the pelvic splanchnic nerves ?

<p>Sacral region of the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

Consists of the abdomen, diaphragm, and pelvis.

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

Largest portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, which also includes the pelvis.

How many quadrants are there in the abdominal cavity?

The body is divided into four sections by a vertical and horizontal line intersecting at the belly button.

What is the parietal peritoneum?

The lining of the abdominal cavity, covering the internal walls.

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What is the visceral peritoneum?

The membrane lining the internal organs.

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What is the peritoneal cavity?

It's the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

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What is the mesentery?

It's a double layer of peritoneum that connects organs to the posterior abdominal wall.

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What are peritoneal ligaments?

It's a double layer of peritoneum that can connect organs to each other or the abdominal wall.

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Portal-Caval Anatomoses

A network of connecting veins that provide alternate pathways for blood flow in cases of obstruction in the liver or portal vein.

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Common Bile Duct

The point where the cystic duct & hepatic duct merge to become a single duct carrying bile to the duodenum.

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Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater)

The expanded end of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct where they both meet.

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Portal Triad

The structure containing the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and common bile duct, which enter the liver.

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Stomach

The main organ responsible for food storage, chemical and mechanical breakdown of food, and preparation for digestion and passage into the duodenum.

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Cardia

The first part of the stomach.

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Fundus

The dome-shaped upper part of the stomach.

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Rugae

Large longitudinal folds of the stomach lining that disappear when the stomach expands.

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Cardiac (lower esophageal) Sphincter

A valve at the junction of the esophagus and stomach that prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

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Pyloric Sphincter

A valve located at the junction of the stomach and duodenum that prevents the backflow of duodenal contents into the stomach.

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What are retroperitoneal organs?

During embryonic development, the abdominal cavity is lined with parietal peritoneum forming a closed sac, the peritoneal cavity. As organs develop, they invaginate into the peritoneal sac acquiring a visceral peritoneum covering. Retroperitoneal organs protrude partially and remain external to the peritoneal cavity, positioned behind the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity.

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What are intraperitoneal organs?

Intraperitoneal organs are completely enveloped within the peritoneal sac by the visceral peritoneum and are connected to the abdominal wall by a mesentery.

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Name some intraperitoneal organs.

The liver, tail of the pancreas, spleen, stomach, first part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, and upper third of the rectum are all examples of intraperitoneal organs.

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Name some retroperitoneal organs.

The suprarenal (adrenal) glands, aorta/IVC, second, third, and fourth parts of the duodenum, pancreas (except the tail), ureters, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, esophagus, and rectum are all examples of retroperitoneal organs.

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What organs are part of the digestive system

The liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and intestines are all components of the digestive system.

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What are the main functions of the liver?

The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, glycogen storage, hormone production, plasma protein synthesis, and the production of bile.

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How is the liver structurally divided?

The liver is divided into four anatomical lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate. These lobes are further subdivided into eight surgically resectable segments, each supplied by separate branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

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What is the bare area of the liver?

The bare area of the liver is a portion of the organ that directly contacts the diaphragm and lacks a visceral peritoneum covering.

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What is the hepatic portal vein?

The hepatic portal vein carries approximately 75-80% of the blood to the liver, transporting nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It's formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein and then branches into right and left branches within the liver.

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What is the portal venous system and how does it function?

The portal venous system transports blood from the gastrointestinal viscera to the liver for filtration via the hepatic portal vein. The inferior mesenteric vein typically drains into the splenic vein.

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Sympathetic Ganglia

Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS, specifically in the sympathetic division, that receive signals from preganglionic neurons and relay them to target organs.

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Paravertebral Ganglia

Located near the vertebral column, alongside the spinal cord. They receive signals from preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar region.

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Prevertebral Ganglia

Located in plexuses surrounding the major branches of the abdominal aorta. These ganglia send signals to the abdominal organs.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

A division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'fight or flight' responses. It controls functions like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and reduced digestive activity.

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Abdominopelvic Splanchnic Nerves

Nerves that carry presynaptic sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord to the prevertebral ganglia. They play a crucial role in innervating the abdominal and pelvic viscera.

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Celiac Ganglion

One of the prevertebral ganglia, it receives signals from the greater splanchnic nerve and sends postganglionic fibers to the foregut structures (stomach, pancreas, liver, etc.).

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Greater Splanchnic Nerve

Part of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves that originate in the thoracic region (T5-T9) and synapse at the celiac ganglion.

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Lesser Splanchnic Nerve

Part of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves that originate in the thoracic region (T10-T11) and synapse at the superior mesenteric ganglion.

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Aorticorenal Ganglia

The sympathetic nervous system's contribution to innervation of the kidneys, adrenal glands, and abdominal aorta.

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Periarterial Plexuses

Branches of the abdominal aorta carrying postganglionic sympathetic fibers to target organs.

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Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located near the inferior mesenteric artery, receiving preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

A key component of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'rest and digest' functions.

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Presynaptic Neuron

Nerves carrying parasympathetic signals that arise from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.

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Postsynaptic Neuron

Clusters of nerve cell bodies located near or within the walls of target organs, receiving signals from presynaptic neurons.

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Head Ganglia

A collection of parasympathetic ganglia within the head that receive signals from cranial nerves III, VII, and IX.

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Terminal or Intramural Ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia located near or within the walls of target organs, receiving signals directly from preganglionic fibers.

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Parasympathetic Innervation of the Abdomen

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic signals to the foregut and midgut, while pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the hindgut and pelvic viscera.

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Mesentery Proper

A fold of peritoneum that attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall. It contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that supply these structures.

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Pancreas

The accessory digestive gland that lies posterior to the stomach. It produces pancreatic juice (exocrine) and hormones like glucagon and insulin (endocrine).

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Uncinate Process

A projection from the inferior part of the head of the pancreas, located posterior to the superior mesenteric artery.

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Main Pancreatic Duct

The main duct of the pancreas. It begins in the tail of the pancreas, runs through the gland, and merges with the common bile duct in the head.

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Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

The union of the pancreatic and bile ducts. It opens into the descending (second) part of the duodenum.

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Large Intestine

The part of the large intestine that absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and absorbs vitamins, and propels feces towards the rectum.

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Omental (Epiploic) Appendices

Small, fatty extensions found on the large intestine.

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Teniae Coli

Three separate bands of longitudinal muscle that run along the large intestine. They cause the pouch-like appearance.

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Haustra

Pouch-like appearances in the large intestine that are caused by the contraction of the teniae coli.

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Kidneys

Organs that remove excess water, salts, and wastes from the blood and return nutrients and chemicals to it. They lie retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall.

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Cortex

The outermost layer of the kidney.

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Medulla

The inner part of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids, renal columns, and renal papilla.

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Celiac Trunk

The main artery that supplies the foregut.

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Superior Mesenteric Artery

The main artery that supplies the midgut.

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Inferior Mesenteric Artery

The main artery that supplies the hindgut.

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Study Notes

Abdominal Cavity Organs

  • The abdominal cavity is bordered by abdominal walls, diaphragm, and pelvis
  • It forms the major portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, which is continuous with pelvic cavities
  • It contains most digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters.

Outline

  • The organs of the abdominal cavity
  • Blood supply
  • Innervation

Digestive Tract

  • The abdominal viscera comprises the majority of the digestive tract
  • Viscera include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc.

Abdominal Quadrants

  • The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by imaginary horizontal and vertical lines that intersect at the umbilicus
  • The quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal Regions

  • The abdomen is also divided into nine regions
  • These include the epigastric, right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric/suprapubic, right iliac/inguinal, and left iliac/inguinal regions.

Peritoneum

  • Peritoneum is a mesothelial membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
    • Parietal peritoneum: lines the inner walls of the cavity
    • Visceral peritoneum: covers the abdominal organs
  • Peritoneal cavity: potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum, containing a small amount of peritoneal fluid (~50mL)
  • In males, the peritoneal cavity is closed, but females have an opening for oocytes to pass from the ovaries to the fallopian tube.

Mesenteries and Peritoneal Ligaments

  • Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that encloses an organ and connects it to the posterior abdominal wall
  • Peritoneal ligaments connect one organ to another, or to the abdominal wall
  • These provide pathways for nerves, vessels, and lymphatics

Intraperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal Organs

  • Retroperitoneal organs: only partially covered by peritoneum (kidneys, duodenum, etc.)
  • Intraperitoneal organs: completely covered by peritoneum (stomach, liver, etc.)

Liver

  • Detoxification
  • Glycogen storage
  • Hormone production
  • Plasma protein synthesis
  • Bile production
  • Four anatomical lobes (right, left, quadrate, caudate)
  • Divided into 8 functionally surgically-resectable segments

Hepatic Portal Vein

  • Brings 75-80% of the blood to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract
  • Carries nutrients absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract
  • Formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
  • Divides into right and left branches

Portal Venous System

  • Transports blood from gastrointestinal viscera to the liver for filtration
  • Formed by the union of superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein.
  • Inferior mesenteric vein typically drains into the splenic vein

Caval Venous System

  • Drains venous blood from structures of the posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, suprarenal glands.
  • Blood bypasses liver
  • For the heart's right atrium

Portal-Caval Anastomoses

  • Anastomoses provide collateral circulation if obstruction occurs in the liver or portal vein
  • Include structures like esophageal veins, superior rectal veins, paraumbilical and colic veins.

Stomach

  • Stores and prepares food for digestion through chemical and mechanical processes
  • Four regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
  • Has rugae-folds that disappear during dilation
  • Contains sphincters- cardiac and pyloric
  • Stomach has ligaments: Greater Omentum, Gastrosplenic ligament, Gastrophrenic ligament, Gastrocolic ligament

Small Intestine

  • Duodenum (~1ft.), C-shaped
  • Jejunum (~8 ft.)
  • Ileum (~12ft.)
  • Primary site for nutrient absorption

Duodenum

  • Part of the small intestine
  • Four parts: Superior, Descending, Inferior, Ascending

Jejunum & Ileum

  • Most of the jejunum is located in the left upper quadrant.
  • Most of the ileum is located in the right lower quadrant.

Large Intestine

  • Absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and absorbs vitamins, and propels feces towards the rectum
  • Parts:
    • Cecum (with Appendix)
    • Ascending colon
    • Transverse colon
    • Descending colon
    • Sigmoid colon
    • Rectum

Pancreas

  • Accessory digestive gland
  • Located posterior to the stomach between the duodenum and the spleen
  • Produces enzymes for digestion (exocrine secretions)
  • Produces hormones such as glucagon and insulin (endocrine secretions)
  • Regions: head, neck, body, tail

Kidney

  • Remove excess water, salts, and wastes from the blood
  • Return nutrients and chemicals
  • Lie retroperitoneally on the posterior abdominal wall
  • On either side of the vertebral column at levels of T12 to L3
  • Left kidney slightly superior than right

Blood Supply - Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut

  • Organs have three major blood supply segments related to their development stages.
    • Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas: supplied by the Celiac Trunk.
    • Parts of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix: supplied by the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA).
    • Colon's distal portion, sigmoid colon, rectum: supplied by the Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA).

Blood Supply - Specific Arteries

  • Celiac Trunk: Left Gastric Artery, Splenic Artery, Common Hepatic Artery
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery: lleocolic artery, Right colic artery, Middle colic artery, Intestinal arteries
  • Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Left colic artery, Sigmoid arteries, Superior rectal artery

Innervation - Sympathetic

  • Inhibits peristalsis
  • Contracts internal anal sphincter to aid fecal continence
  • Promotes breakdown of glycogen

Innervation - Parasympathetic

  • Prompts peristalsis
  • Stimulates secretion of digestive juices
  • Relaxes internal anal sphincter

Autonomic Plexuses

  • Contain sympathetic & parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents
  • Innervate visceral components
  • Include Cardiac, Pulmonary, Esophogeal, Abdominal & Pelvic plexuses

Splanchnic Nerves

  • Carry both visceral efferent & afferent fibers
  • Important for sympathetic control of abdominal viscera
  • Consist of: Cardiopulmonary, Abdominopelvic, Greater, Lesser, Least, Lumbar and Sacral splanchnic nerves.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Cranial outflow from brainstem (CN III, VII, IX, X), innervating head, thorax, and abdomen
  • Sacral outflow from S2-S4 spinal cord, innervating the hindgut and pelvic viscera
  • Terminal or intramural ganglia near target organs

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