Questions and Answers
What is backward conditioning?
What happens during blocking/overshadowing?
When two neutral stimuli are presented together before the US, one becomes the CS and the other fails to.
What is classical conditioning?
The most primitive form of learning, where a stimulus is followed by a biologically significant event.
What is a conditioned emotional response?
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What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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What is a conditioned response (CR)?
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What does extinction in classical conditioning refer to?
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What is forward conditioning?
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What is generalization in classical conditioning?
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What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
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What is trace conditioning?
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What does salience mean?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
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Study Notes
Backward Conditioning
- Involves presenting the unconditioned stimulus (US) before the conditioned stimulus (CS).
- Example: food is provided, followed by the ringing of a bell.
- Generally ineffective; conditioning typically does not occur in this scenario.
Blocking/Overshadowing
- Two neutral stimuli are introduced together before presenting the unconditioned stimulus.
- When presented separately after conditioning, only one stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
- The other fails to acquire conditioned stimulus properties due to interference.
Classical Conditioning
- Defined as the most fundamental form of learning.
- Involves pairing a distinguishable stimulus with a biologically important event.
- Establishes a predictive signal that precedes a reflexive response.
Conditioned Emotional Response
- Refers to learned emotional reactions, such as anxiety or happiness.
- These responses occur due to predictive cues associated with certain stimuli.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- The signal that precedes a biologically significant event.
- Functions to "cue" the conditioned response, signifying an impending occurrence.
Conditioned Response (CR)
- A learned reaction triggered by the conditioned stimulus.
- Represents the behavioral response to the cue provided by the CS.
Extinction (Classical)
- The process whereby a conditioned stimulus is presented multiple times without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Leads to the organism understanding that the signal no longer conveys the same meaning it previously had.
Forward Conditioning
- Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus and remains until the US is shown.
- Generally considered the most effective method of conditioning, especially with a short delay.
- Example: a ringing bell that continues until food is provided.
Generalization (Classical)
- Happens when an organism responds similarly to stimuli that are alike.
- The more the tested stimuli resemble those encountered during conditioning, the stronger the generalized response.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
- A stimulus that initially elicits no specific response other than capturing attention.
- When paired with an unconditioned stimulus, it transforms into a conditioned stimulus.
Trace Conditioning
- A method where the neutral stimulus is presented, followed by the unconditioned stimulus without overlap.
- The shorter the time between the two events, the stronger the potential conditioned response, though responses are generally weak.
Salience
- Defined as the quality of being noticeable or prominent.
- Important for understanding how certain stimuli capture attention in conditioning processes.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- The stimulus in an unconditioned reflex that triggers a response without prior learning.
- Essential in establishing reflexive behaviors in organisms.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
- The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
- Represents a reflex or response that is innate and does not require learning.
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Description
Test your understanding of classical conditioning concepts with these flashcards. This quiz covers important terms like backward conditioning and blocking/overshadowing, helping you grasp foundational principles in behavior analysis.