عصر العباسيين (الرابع)

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Questions and Answers

من هو الشخص الذي حصل على مدينة حلب؟

عماد الدين زنكي

صلاح الدين الأيوبي

الملك بلدوين

نور الدين محمود (correct)

ما هي الفترة الزمنية التي عاش فيها نور الدين محمود؟

600-570 هـ

569-541 هـ (correct)

580-550 هـ

571-540 هـ

ما الذي قام به نور الدين محمود ضد الصليبيين؟

التفاوض معهم

استمرار الجهاد (correct)

الانسحاب من المعارك

طلب السلام

من هو والد نور الدين محمود؟

عماد الدين زنكي Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الحملة التي أرسلها الصليبيون ردًا على تحرير مدينة معينة؟

الحملة الصليبية الثانية Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي كان يسعى إليه الأتابكيون في المناطق تحت حكمهم؟

فرض سيطرتهم وتوسيع رقعتهم Signup and view all the answers

ما هو النزاع الذي نشأ بالتوازي مع النزاع الأتابكي؟

النزاع السلجوقي الداخلي Signup and view all the answers

أي من الخيارات التالية يعتبر من أشهر الأتابكيات المذكورة؟

ماردين Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي ميز الأتابكيين عن غيرهم في تلك الفترة؟

التسابق على توسيع رقعة الحكم Signup and view all the answers

أي من هذه المناطق لم تكن تحت حكم الأتابكيين؟

الأحواز Signup and view all the answers

من هو الملك الذي بايعه الأمراء في مصر بعد وفاة الكامل؟

الملك العادل الثاني بن الكامل Signup and view all the answers

ما هو اللقب الذي لُقّب به سيف الدين أبا بكر؟

الملك العادل Signup and view all the answers

في أي مدينة أقيمت الملكية بعد وفاة الكامل؟

دمشق Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الفترة الزمنية التي حكم فيها الملك العادل الثاني بن الكامل؟

1238-1240 م Signup and view all the answers

ماذا حصل للأمراء في مصر بعد وفاة الكامل؟

بايعوا ابنه سيف الدين أبا بكر Signup and view all the answers

متى انتهت الدولة الأموية وبدأت الدولة العباسية؟

عام 132 ه Signup and view all the answers

من تولى الخلافة بعد انتهاء الدولة الأموية؟

أبو العباس السفاح Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التاريخ الذي بدأ فيه عهد الدولة العباسية؟

132 ه Signup and view all the answers

أي من الشخصيات التالية كان له دور في تتبع الفتوحات بعد انهيار الدولة الأموية؟

أبو العباس السفاح Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي حدث في عام 132 ه في سياق التاريخ الإسلامي؟

نهاية الدولة الأموية وبداية الدولة العباسية Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الاختصاص الذي يطلق على المماليك الذين ينتمون للصالحية أو الناصرية؟

المماليك الصالحين Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي حدث بعد وفاة الملك الناصر؟

تزايد النزاعات الداخلية Signup and view all the answers

كيف أثرت المنازعات الداخلية على المماليك؟

ازدادوا بسبب الصراعات Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الملك الذي ينسب إليه المماليك الناصرية؟

الملك الناصر Signup and view all the answers

ما تأثير النزاعات الداخلية على الانتشار الجغرافي للمماليك؟

ازدياد عددهم في مناطق متعددة Signup and view all the answers

من الذي شُبِّهَ بــ(عمر بن عبد العزيز) لعدله وحبه للخير والإصلاح؟

عبد الرحمن بن الحكم Signup and view all the answers

متى وُلِدَ عبد الرحمن بن الحكم بن هشام؟

238 هجرية Signup and view all the answers

من كان خصم عبد الرحمن بن الحكم بعد موت أبيه؟

عمه عبد الله Signup and view all the answers

في أي فترة حكم عبد الرحمن بن الحكم بن هشام؟

821-852 ميلادية Signup and view all the answers

ماذا يتصف عبد الرحمن بن الحكم به حسب المحتوى؟

العدل والإصلاح Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Abbasid Era (Late or Fourth)

The Seljuks emerged in the early 11th century (5th AH/11th CE).
The Abbasid Caliphate fractured, allowing the Umayyads to consolidate in Al-Andalus, the Fatimids in Egypt and North Africa.
Political and military chaos spread throughout the region.
The Seljuks, originating from the Oghuz Turkic tribe, were located in vast deserts and grasslands from China to the Caspian Sea.
In 375 AH, due to economic hardship and tribal warfare, they migrated to Transoxiana and Khurasan.
They clashed with the Ghaznavids, losing initially, but later establishing a state in Khurasan in 431 AH/1040 CE under Sultan Toghrul Beg, who eventually was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid Caliph.
The Seljuks expanded into Persia to counter the Buyids in Iraq.
Sultan Toghrul Beg made Isfahan his capital in 442 AH.
They controlled Khorasan, Persia, and were poised to enter Iraq, gaining recognition as the "Right-Hand of the Commander of the Faithful."

The Zanki Dynasty

The weakening of the Seljuks led to the emergence of Atabegs.
"Atabeg" (a Turkish term) translates to "father of the emir" or a guardian of the sultan's son.
Atabegs arose in the Seljuk court, employing Turkic Mamluks, primarily from the Caucasus and Southern Russia.
These Mamluks rose through the ranks to prominent positions.
The death of Malik Shah caused internal conflicts, allowing the Atabegs to consolidate power.
The most prominent Atabeg was 'Imad ad-Din Zengi, founder of the Atabegs of Mosul and Syria.
His noteworthy victories against the Crusaders led to the establishment of the Zanki dynasty, specifically the Atabeg 'Imad ad-Din Zanki.
Notable rulers - 'Imad ad-Din Zengi:
- Began rule by organizing and attracting skilled warriors.
- Sought independence from the Seljuks.
- Captured Aleppo for its strategic importance.
- Led successful campaigns against the Crusaders, including the conquest of the Crusader stronghold at 'Artah.
- Assassinated while besieging the fortress of Jabir.
'Imad ad-Din Zengi's sons divided his empire:
- Ghazi controlled Mosul.
- Nur ad-Din Mahmud controlled Aleppo.

Nur ad-Din Mahmoud and the Zanki Dynasty

Nur ad-Din continued the struggle against Crusaders.
Expanded the realm in Syria.
Established schools (Madrasas) for four major Islamic schools of thought and a library (Dar al-Hadith).
Built a hospital (Bimaristan) for the poor.

The Ayyubid Dynasty (1171 - 1257 CE)

The Ayyubids, descendants of the Kurdish Ikhshids tribe, played a significant role in the Islamic world.
'Imad ad-Din Zengi recruited numerous Kurds, including Salah ad-Din Ayyubi's father, Ayub ibn Shadi ibn Marwan.
Salah ad-Din Ayyubi (founder of the Ayyubid state) served as a prominent military leader under Nur ad-Din.
Salah ad-Din consolidated control over Egypt and eventually united Syria and Egypt.
Notable achievements included victories against Crusaders, particularly the Battle of Hittin, and the conquest of Jerusalem.

The Ayyubid Rulers

Salah ad-Din Ayyubi (1171-1192 CE):
- Consolidated rule of Egypt and unified Syria and Egypt.
- Defeated crusaders at battle of Hittin and retook Jerusalem.
- Established schools, mosques, and other charitable institutions.
Al-Adil Abu Bakr Muhammad (1200-1218 CE):
- Commanded armies effectively and assisted Salah al-Din in decisions.
- Conquests against Crusaders.
Sultan Al-Kamil:
- Son of Al-Adil Abu Bakr
Sultan Muizz:
- Son of Al-Kamil

The Mamluk Dynasty (1250-1517 CE)

The Mamluks were enslaved soldiers primarily of Turkic and Circassian origin.
They emerged as powerful forces in the Islamic world due to their military skills.
The Mamluk Dynasty took over from the Ayyubids in Egypt and Syria.
Mamluks:
- Were purchased or captured.
- Trained and integrated into the military ranks in the Abbasid empire.
- Emerged as a powerful military force.
Salah ad-Din and later Ayyubid rulers also incorporated Mamluks into their armies, contributing towards the rise of Mamluk power.
The Mamluks emerged as rulers in Egypt after the fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty.

The Mamluk Sultanate(s)

The state became one of the most powerful states in the region during their rule.
The Mamluks' military prowess allowed them to decisively defeat the Mongols.
Notable Battles:
- Battle of Ain Jalut: The decisive victory against the Mongols in 1260.
- This victory marked a turning point in history and secured the Mamluks' position as a major force in the region.
The Mamluk Dynasty's notable rulers includes:
- Sultan Baibars
  - Fought against Crusaders and also the Mongols.
- Sultan Baybars(Baibars)
  - Continued the fight against the Crusaders.
  - Established a postal service.
  - Supported education.
The Mamluk period resulted in significant architectural, artistic, and intellectual achievements.
- Notable architectural and artistic contributions by Mamluk sultans.

The Ottoman Empire (1516-1918 CE)

The Ottomans were a Turkish dynasty that grew to encompass vast territories in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe.
The Ottomans consolidated their control over parts of the Islamic world through military campaigns and diplomacy.
Key Sultans:
- Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror (1444-1481):
  - Conquered Constantinople (Istanbul).
  - Established a new capital.
- Sultan Selim I (1512-1520):
  - Defeated the Mamluks, expanding Ottoman control over Syria and Egypt.
  - Controlled holy sites in the Arabian Peninsula (Mecca and Medina).
The Ottoman empire's influence extended into diverse geographical areas.
The period saw various cultural and intellectual developments within the empire.
The Ottomans consolidated their authority and expanded their control through military campaigns and diplomatic efforts across multiple regions.

The Umayyad Dynasty in al-Andalus

Early rule (95-138 AH/714 - 756 CE):
- Initially under governors.
Period of unified Umayyad rule (138-399 AH/756 - 1008 CE):
- Key figures include Abd al-Rahman I, Abd al-Rahman II, al-Hakam II, and others.
- Periods of significant political turmoil and internal conflict.
- Early rulers focused on consolidating control after the initial conquests.
- Building of infrastructure, including the rebuilding of cities and the promotion of trade.
The Kingdom of Granada period (beginning in 634/1238 CE) saw further division, with the eventual fall of that realm to Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile who in 1492 CE completed the reconquest of al-Andalus.

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يتناول هذا الاختبار فترة العصر العباسي الرابع وتأثير السلاجقة. سنستكشف كيف انقسمت الدولة العباسية وكيف طورت السلاجقة نفسها في مناطق مختلفة. تعرف على التحولات السياسية والعسكرية التي شهدتها المنطقة خلال هذه الفترة الزمنية.