علوم الأرض: إدارة الموارد والطقس

Table of Contents

• Unit 3: Earth and Its Resources
  • Chapter 5: Our Changing Earth
    • Lesson 1: Earth's Surface Features
      • Scientific writing: The Giant Continents
    • Lesson 2: Processes Affecting Earth's Surface
      • Act like scientists: How do volcanoes help form islands?
    • Chapter 5 review and sample test
  • Chapter 6: Protecting Earth's Resources
    • Lesson 1: Energy Sources
      • Science careers: Geologist, well driller
    • Lesson 2: Air and Water
      • Science and mathematics: Water on Earth
    • Chapter 6 review and sample test
• Unit 4: Weather
  • Chapter 7: Weather Patterns
    • Lesson 1: The Atmosphere and Weather
      • Focus on communication skills
    • Lesson 2: Clouds and Precipitation
      • Act like scientists: How can I prove water vapor is in the air?
    • Chapter 7 review and sample test
  • Chapter 8: Storms and Climate
    • Lesson 1: Storms
      • Science and mathematics: How far does lightning travel?
    • Lesson 2: Climate
      • Scientific reading: Taif is a beautiful resort
    • Chapter 8 review and sample test
  • Glossary

Earth's Surface Features

• Landforms: Mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, valleys, deserts, and coastal areas.
• Topography: The shape and characteristics of the earth's surface.
• Earth's Layers: Crust, Mantle, Outer core, Inner core.
  • The crust is the solid, rocky outer layer.
  • The mantle is a thick, soft layer of hot rock beneath the crust.
  • The core is the earth's central part. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid.
• Volcanoes: Openings in the Earth's crust from which magma, gases, and ash erupt.
• Erosion: The process of moving weathered rock and soil from one location to another.
• Weathering: The process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.
• Deposition: The process in which eroded material settles in a new location.
• River Features: Tributaries, rapids, waterfalls, floodplains, estuaries, deltas.
• Coastal Features: Beaches, cliffs, bays, and inlets.
• Desert Features: Dunes, canyons.
• Mountain Features: Peaks, ridges, valleys.

Processes Affecting Earth's Surface

• Tectonic Plates: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move slowly, causing changes.
• Volcanic Activity: The process of volcanoes erupting.
• Earthquakes: The shaking of the Earth's surface due to the movement of tectonic plates.
• Erosion: The wearing away of the earth's surface by wind, water, ice, and other forces.
• Deposition: The process by which eroded material is deposited in a new location.

Earth's Layers

• Crust: The solid, outermost layer of the Earth.
• ** Mantle:** A thick, soft layer of hot rock beneath the crust.
• Core: The central part of the Earth, divided into the outer core (liquid) and the inner core (solid).

Ocean Floor Features

• Continental Shelf: The gently sloping part of the continent that extends into the ocean.
• Continental Slope: The steep slope that connects the continental shelf to the ocean floor.
• Deep-Ocean Trenches: The deepest parts of the ocean floor.
• Mid-Ocean Ridges: Underwater mountain ranges.
• Ocean Basins: Flat areas of the ocean floor.
• Seamounts: Underwater volcanic mountains.

Other Topics

• Weathering: The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces.
• Erosion: The movement of weathered material by wind, water, or ice.
• Deposition: The laying down of eroded material in a new location.
• Fossil: The remains or imprints of ancient organisms preserved in rock.
• Fossil Fuels: Fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from ancient plants and animals.
• Renewable Energy Sources: Energy sources that can be replenished within a short time, such as solar and wind energy.
• Non-renewable Energy Sources: Energy sources that cannot be replenished quickly, such as fossil fuels.
• Formation of fossil fuels: Dead plants and animals decompose under pressure and heat over millions of years to form coal, oil and natural gas.
• Formation of caves: Chemical weathering of rock by groundwater forms caves.
• Acid rain: A form of chemical weathering that damages buildings and other structures.
• Earthquakes: The shaking of the Earth's surface due to the movement of tectonic plates.
• Volcanoes: Openings in Earth's crust where magma, ash, and gases erupt.
• Tsunami: A large wave caused by an earthquake in the ocean.

هذا الاختبار يغطي موضوعات من الوحدة 3 والوحدة 4 في علوم الأرض. يستكشف المتعلمون مميزات سطح الأرض، العمليات التي تؤثر عليه، ونماذج الطقس المختلفة. يتضمن الاختبار مراجعة شاملة للدروس والاختبارات النموذجية.