Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary treatment for tension pneumothorax?
What is the primary treatment for tension pneumothorax?
- Needle decompression followed by chest tube placement (correct)
- Immediate chest tube insertion
- Covering the wound with sterile dressing
- Observation and monitoring of symptoms
Which formula is used to calculate fluid resuscitation after burns?
Which formula is used to calculate fluid resuscitation after burns?
- Modified Brooke Formula
- Alder Creek Calculation
- Harrison's Equation
- Parkland Baxter Formula (correct)
What is a major risk factor for renal failure in patients with compartment syndrome due to femur fracture?
What is a major risk factor for renal failure in patients with compartment syndrome due to femur fracture?
- Enhanced renal perfusion pressure
- Decreased blood flow to kidneys (correct)
- Increased blood volume
- Improved urinary output
In the context of trauma management, what is the meaning of 'D' in the ABCDEFG approach?
In the context of trauma management, what is the meaning of 'D' in the ABCDEFG approach?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an increase in lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an increase in lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis?
What is the appropriate duration for suctioning to avoid potential complications?
What is the appropriate duration for suctioning to avoid potential complications?
Which of the following treatments is NOT included in the CBIGKD protocol for elevated potassium levels?
Which of the following treatments is NOT included in the CBIGKD protocol for elevated potassium levels?
Which lead corresponds to the inferior area of the heart and is typically affected by RCA occlusion?
Which lead corresponds to the inferior area of the heart and is typically affected by RCA occlusion?
Which medication is commonly used to relieve chest pain in acute myocardial infarction?
Which medication is commonly used to relieve chest pain in acute myocardial infarction?
When managing a patient in acute myocardial infarction (MI), which symptom might be misinterpreted as indigestion?
When managing a patient in acute myocardial infarction (MI), which symptom might be misinterpreted as indigestion?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
What is the primary indication for using assist-control ventilation (ACV)?
What is the primary indication for using assist-control ventilation (ACV)?
In the arterial blood gas (ABG) interpretation, what condition does a pH of 7.32, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L indicate?
In the arterial blood gas (ABG) interpretation, what condition does a pH of 7.32, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L indicate?
Which of the following is a common effect of benzodiazepines used for sedation?
Which of the following is a common effect of benzodiazepines used for sedation?
What is the complication associated with hepatic encephalopathy due to liver failure?
What is the complication associated with hepatic encephalopathy due to liver failure?
What is the role of succinylcholine as a neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agent?
What is the role of succinylcholine as a neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agent?
What distinguishes metabolic acidosis from other acid-base disorders?
What distinguishes metabolic acidosis from other acid-base disorders?
Which sedation agent, when used at doses of 5-50 mcg/kg/min, produces deep sedation?
Which sedation agent, when used at doses of 5-50 mcg/kg/min, produces deep sedation?
What is the normal range for cardiac output (CO)?
What is the normal range for cardiac output (CO)?
Which of the following statements about stroke volume (SV) is accurate?
Which of the following statements about stroke volume (SV) is accurate?
What does cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) reflect?
What does cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) reflect?
What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the significance of an intracranial pressure (ICP) reading over 20 mm Hg?
What is the significance of an intracranial pressure (ICP) reading over 20 mm Hg?
How is cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated?
How is cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated?
What should be done if intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring transducer is moved?
What should be done if intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring transducer is moved?
Which of the following is a potential complication associated with the use of a Swan-Ganz catheter?
Which of the following is a potential complication associated with the use of a Swan-Ganz catheter?
What is the appropriate intervention for a patient experiencing asystole?
What is the appropriate intervention for a patient experiencing asystole?
Which treatment is considered the mainstay for stable Atrial Flutter?
Which treatment is considered the mainstay for stable Atrial Flutter?
What is the first-line treatment for unstable Ventricular Tachycardia?
What is the first-line treatment for unstable Ventricular Tachycardia?
In a third-degree heart block, what is the recommended treatment?
In a third-degree heart block, what is the recommended treatment?
Which characteristic of Ventricular Fibrillation indicates the urgency for defibrillation?
Which characteristic of Ventricular Fibrillation indicates the urgency for defibrillation?
For stable patients experiencing a Mobitz II block, what intervention is most appropriate?
For stable patients experiencing a Mobitz II block, what intervention is most appropriate?
How would you describe the ventricular response in Atrial Flutter?
How would you describe the ventricular response in Atrial Flutter?
Which of the following conditions best exemplifies the significance of epinephrine in managing asystole?
Which of the following conditions best exemplifies the significance of epinephrine in managing asystole?
What distinguishes Wenckebach arrhythmia from other heart blocks?
What distinguishes Wenckebach arrhythmia from other heart blocks?
In the treatment of symptomatic unifocal PVCs, which medication is likely to be administered?
In the treatment of symptomatic unifocal PVCs, which medication is likely to be administered?
What is the primary management strategy for a patient experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
What is the primary management strategy for a patient experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
In the management of atrial flutter, which of the following is considered a pharmacological intervention?
In the management of atrial flutter, which of the following is considered a pharmacological intervention?
Which classification of heart block is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped?
Which classification of heart block is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped?
What is the recommended response to asystole in a cardiac arrest scenario?
What is the recommended response to asystole in a cardiac arrest scenario?
Which intervention is typically used for patients with stable ventricular tachycardia?
Which intervention is typically used for patients with stable ventricular tachycardia?
Which factor differentiates stable from unstable angina?
Which factor differentiates stable from unstable angina?
What is the appropriate treatment protocol for atrial fibrillation in an unstable patient?
What is the appropriate treatment protocol for atrial fibrillation in an unstable patient?
Which of the following symptoms could indicate a complication when managing a patient with heart block?
Which of the following symptoms could indicate a complication when managing a patient with heart block?
What is the main mechanism of action for beta-adrenergic blockers in managing myocardial infarction?
What is the main mechanism of action for beta-adrenergic blockers in managing myocardial infarction?
For a patient showing signs of ventricular tachycardia with a pulse, what initial treatment is typically recommended?
For a patient showing signs of ventricular tachycardia with a pulse, what initial treatment is typically recommended?
Which of the following is a critical component when treating a patient with acute chest pain indicative of possible MI?
Which of the following is a critical component when treating a patient with acute chest pain indicative of possible MI?
In patients with severe hypoxia during suctioning, what is an essential step before proceeding?
In patients with severe hypoxia during suctioning, what is an essential step before proceeding?
What differentiates third-degree heart block from other types?
What differentiates third-degree heart block from other types?
Flashcards
DKA
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis; a serious complication of diabetes where the body produces excess ketone acids.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
A condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
Retroperitoneal Aortic Rupture
Retroperitoneal Aortic Rupture
A tear in the aorta behind the abdominal organs. Often needs immediate intervention.
MI Chest Pain Location
MI Chest Pain Location
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MI Treatment: Aspirin
MI Treatment: Aspirin
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Hemodynamic Monitoring
Hemodynamic Monitoring
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Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
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Intubation Drugs
Intubation Drugs
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ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
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Acute Respiratory Acidosis
Acute Respiratory Acidosis
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
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Esophageal Varices
Esophageal Varices
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Pneumothorax Types
Pneumothorax Types
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Femur Fracture Blood Loss
Femur Fracture Blood Loss
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis
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Parkland Formula
Parkland Formula
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ABCDE Trauma Approach
ABCDE Trauma Approach
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Asystole
Asystole
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A-flutter
A-flutter
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Junctional escape
Junctional escape
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
Normal Sinus Rhythm
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VTACH
VTACH
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1st Degree Heart Block
1st Degree Heart Block
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3rd Degree Heart Block
3rd Degree Heart Block
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PVC Unifocal
PVC Unifocal
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Mobitz 2, Classical
Mobitz 2, Classical
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
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Cardiac Index (CI)
Cardiac Index (CI)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
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Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
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Factors affecting Cerebral Blood Flow
Factors affecting Cerebral Blood Flow
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ICP Monitoring
ICP Monitoring
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FAST Exam
FAST Exam
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Suctioning Frequency
Suctioning Frequency
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Suctioning Time Limit
Suctioning Time Limit
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Why No Normal Saline in ETT?
Why No Normal Saline in ETT?
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Hyperkalemia Treatment
Hyperkalemia Treatment
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Acute Kidney Failure
Acute Kidney Failure
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Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
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Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis
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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
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Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
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MI Symptoms
MI Symptoms
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STEMI
STEMI
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NSTEMI
NSTEMI
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Stable Angina
Stable Angina
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Study Notes
AAA (Aortic Aneurysm)
- AAA is a bulge in the aorta.
- Symptoms include:
- Dull, vague pain in the abdomen, back, or flank.
- Pain can be acute and intense in ruptured AAAs.
- Sensation of a pulsatile mass in the abdomen.
- Hypotension, often manifesting as syncope (fainting).
- Associated complications include:
- Diminished femoral pulses.
- "Blue Toe" Syndrome, caused by microemboli from aortic thrombus.
- Duodenal obstruction, leading to vomiting and weight loss.
- Vertebral body erosion, leading to severe back pain.
AAA Diagnosis and Management
- AAA diagnosis involves assessing small/stable, large/unstable, and ruptured AAAs.
- Goal: Slow the rate of AAA growth so it does not rupture within the patient's lifetime.
- Treatment options include:
- Surveillance for small/stable AAAs.
- Surgery for large/unstable or ruptured AAAs.
Hemodynamic Monitoring
- Includes various waveforms:
- RA waveform: Normal value 0-8 mmHg; RAP=CVP; wave fluctuations due to contractions.
- RV waveform: Normal value 15-25/0-8 mmHg; catheter in RV may cause ventricular ectopy; Swan-Ganz tip may drift from PA to RV.
- PA waveform: Normal value 15-25/8-15 mmHg; dicrotic notch represents PV closure; PAD approximates PAWP (LVEDP), in absence of lung or MV disease.
- PAWP waveform: Normal value 8-12 mmHg; balloon floats and wedges in pulmonary artery; PAWP=LAP=LVEDP; wedging can cause capillary rupture.
- Post-insertion procedures:
- Assess ECG for dysrhythmias.
- Check for respiratory distress.
- Ensure sterile dressing is in place.
- Check PCXR for placement.
- Zero and level the transducer(s) at the phlebostatic axis.
- Evaluate quality of waveforms (configuration, dampening, catheter whip).
- Obtain opening pressures and waveform tracings.
- Assess insertion site length.
- Ensure stopcock openings are covered with sterile caps.
- Inform the physician of any abnormalities.
Hemodynamic Parameters
- CO: Cardiac Output
- CI: Cardiac Index
- SV: Stroke Volume
- SVR: Systemic Vascular Resistance
- PVR: Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- SvO2/ScvO2: Mixed venous oxygen saturation
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
- CPP is the pressure needed to ensure blood flow to the brain.
- Calculation: CPP = MAP – (CVP or ICP), whichever is higher.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
- ICP involves measuring intracranial pressure.
Cerebral Vasospasm
- Cerebral vasospasm is a condition involving spasms of the brain blood vessels.
Brain Death
- Diagnosed using different tests:
- Oculocephalic (doll's eye) reflex.
- Oculovestibular (cold caloric) reflex.
- Apnea test.
Ischemic Stroke vs. Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Ischemic strokes result from a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain.
- Hemorrhagic strokes result from bleeding in the brain.
Traumatic Brain Injuries
- Initial care focuses on preventing further damage.
Ventilator Settings
- PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure.
- ACV: Assist-control ventilation.
- SIMV: Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.
- PS: Pressure support.
- PC: Pressure control.
- CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure.
Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
- Used for patients who do not require intubation.
Intubation Drugs
- Sedatives: Benzodiazepines (Ativan, Versed), Propofol (Diprivan).
- Neuromuscular blockers: Zemuron (rocuronium), Norcuron (vecuronium), Tracrium (atracurium), Pavulon (pancuronium), Succinylcholine.
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
- pH: 7.34-7.45
- PaCO2: 35-45
- HCO3: 22-26
ABG Interpretations
- Respiratory acidosis: pH low, PaCO2 high, HCO3 may stay normal or slightly elevated in acute cases.
- Metabolic acidosis: pH low, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 low.
- Respiratory alkalosis: pH high, PaCO2 low, HCO3 may stay normal or slight decrease in acute cases.
- Metabolic alkalosis: pH high, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 high.
Various Conditions
- End Stage COPD: The final stage of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
- Esophageal Varices: Enlarged, swollen veins in the esophagus due to portal hypertension.
- Acute Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.
- Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease leading to scarring and reduced liver function, resulting in complications like hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and esophageal varices.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy: A terminal complication of liver disease, associated with rising ammonia levels (normal 15-45 mcg N/dL).
- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid gland.
- Retroperitoneal Aortic Rupture: Rupture of the aorta behind the peritoneum, often requiring urgent diagnostics.
- Femur Fracture: A fracture of the femur bone, often high in blood loss, and risk for compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and metabolic acidosis.
- Suctioning Protocols: Including pre-oxygenating, preventing longer than 10-second suctioning, ensuring normal saline is not used in the endotracheal tubes, and monitoring for dysrhythmias.
- Elevated Potassium Treatment: Procedures like calcium gluconate, bicarbonate, insulin, glucose, kayexalate, and dialysis are used.
- Chronic & Acute Renal Failure
Cardiac Conditions
- Myocardial Infarction (MI): Including:
- Symptoms (chest pain, radiating pain) and diagnosis approach.
- Drugs (aspirin, nitrates, morphine sulfate).
- ECG changes (ST-segment elevation/depression).
- Anatomy of Coronary arteries and area of the heart affected.
- Types of MI (STEMI/NSTMEI), associated causes, and different ECG patterns. Stable vs. Unstable Angina (includes causes that lead from stable to unstable).
- Cardiac Cycle: The sequence of events in one complete heartbeat.
- Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP): A device that helps support the heart.
Other Conditions
- Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the pleural space.
- Electrolytes: Including hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and hypercalcemia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) with this quiz covering symptoms, diagnosis, management, and complications associated with AAAs. Understand the important aspects of hemodynamic monitoring and the approaches to treatment for various stages of AAAs.
