Physiology digestive
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Questions and Answers

What accessory organs supply secretions to the digestive tract for digestion

  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • All of the above (correct)

    • The digestive tract can be described as

  • A hollow, tube-like structure extending from the mouth to the anus (correct)
  • A filled tube-like structure that extends from the esophagus to the colon
  • A hollow, tube-like structure that extends from the esophagus all the way down to the anus
  • A hollow tube-like structure that extends from the mouth all the way down to the colon

    • Materials within the lumen of the GI tract are, strictly speaking _________

  • Inside the body
  • Outside the body (correct)
  • Both inside and outside the body
  • Within the fibroserous membrane

    • Function of the oral cavity in order; _________, __________, _________ __________(add comma after each answer)

    <p>Prehension, mastication, chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanical breakdown of food, the process also increases surface area for exposure to digestive enzymes

    <p>Mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the enzymes for initial chemicla breakdown of food

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What salivary enzyme is present in omnivores

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does amylase break down

    <p>Starches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Degluitition is the act of

    <p>Swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the parts of the stomach cranial to caudal, add a comma after each part

    <p>Fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inhibits muscle activity of the fundus

    <p>Gastrin by the G cells of the antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This part of the stomach relaxes with swallowing but also contracts to help mix food

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moves food in the stomach

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in peristalsis

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the longitudinal muscle layer in the body of the stomach do

    <p>Propels food from cardia to antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the circular muscle layer in the body of the stomach

    <p>Mixes and grinds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the circular muscle layer maintain constant tone during stomach contractions

    <p>Pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains constant tone during stomach contractions

    <p>Circular muscle layer in the pylorus of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the stomach from pushing contents into duodenum too quickly

    <p>Enterogastric reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inhibited by factors causing distention of the small intestine or increased acidity in the duodenum

    <p>Stomach contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomach contractions can be inhibited by what

    <p>Factors causing distension in the small intestines or increased acidity in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does excess stomach acid in the duodenum do

    <p>Stimulate release of the hormone secretin from the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces pepsinogen

    <p>Chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretes mucous

    <p>Mucus cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI)

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prehension of food is carried out with

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanical grinding and breakdown of food

    <p>Mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestive tract functions, for beginning to end

    <p>Prehension, mastication, digestion, absorption, elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva provides enzymes for the secondary chemical breakdown of food

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva provides enzymes for initial chemical breakdown of food

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breaks down lipids

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastication and saliva work together to _________

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastric glands of the GI tract secrete intrinsic factor

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the secretion/production of intrinsic factor important

    <p>Necessary for absorption of vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can slow gastric emptying by stimulating the release of hormone cholecytoskinin (CKK)

    <p>Large amounts of fats or proteins in duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following decreases contractions of gastric fundus, body and antrum

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones causes the fundus to relax and inhibits peristalsis of gastric body and antrum resulting in slowing of gastric emptying

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transports food from pharynx to stomach

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Movement of a food bolus is a coordinated effort between what muscle layers

    <p>Outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following moves the food bolus towards the stomach

    <p>Relaxation of the longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relaxation and contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscle layers is referred to as _________

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the peristaltic wave reaches the lower end of the esophagus

    <p>Longitudinal muscles shorten and the circular muscles relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The esophagus enters the stomach at an angle to allow the stomach to _______________

    <p>Form a natural fold which acts as a valve to close the distal portion of the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The salivary gland ducts secrete saliva when they are stimulated by

    <p>The parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxes with swallowing and allows filling

    <p>Fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretion of gastrin by the G cells of the antrum inhibit muscle activity of the fundus which allows ___________

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows relaxation and filling of the fundus and stimulation of mixing activity in the pyloric antrum

    <p>Secretion of gastrin by the G cells of the antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propels food towards pylorus

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grinding and mixing activity in the pyloric antrum is stimulated by

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When G cells secrete the hormone gastrin, the antrum begins to distend with food, what happens next

    <p>The parietal cells are stimulated, releasing HCI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pepsin and HCI are secreted into

    <p>The lumen of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin is a hormone that is secreted

    <p>Into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces liquid food (chyme) through the duodenum

    <p>Antral contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antral contractions force liquid food (chyme) through

    <p>to the duodenum first, and solids/semisolids are retained in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helps regulate stomach acid production

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin secreted by G cells

    <p>Stimulates both parietal and chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons

    <p>Stimulates mainly parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine secreted by ECL cells

    <p>Mainly stimulates parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in the correct amount of hydrogen and chloride secretion

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blocking any of the receptors that regulate stomach acid production will not cause a decrease in the production of stomach acid

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blocking any of the receptors that regulate stomach acid production will cause a decrease in the production of stomach acid

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match to its best description

    <p>Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract that crush, mix and propel its contents = Motility Breakdown of food, via mechanical and chemical means, into smaller soluble particles = Digestion Delivery of enzymes, mucus and ions into the lumen of the GI tract = Secretion Transport of water, ions and nutrients from the lumen, across the epithelium and into blood = Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical digestion of proteins

    <p>Starts in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion of starch by salivary amylase

    <p>Occurs in the stomach and is continued in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) reduce stomach acid by inhibiting gastrin release from chief cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) increase stomach acid by stimulating gastrin release from G cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) reduce stomach acid by inhibiting gastrin release from G cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) do NOT directly inhibit parietal cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) may directly inhibit parietal cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stimulate potassium ion production

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stimulate bicarbonate ion production

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostoglandins in the GI

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (like PGE & PGI) can enhance blood flow to the liver

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) can enhance blood flow to the stomach

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) destabilizes lysosomes w/in gastric cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stabilize lysosomes w/in gastric cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stabilize macrophages in gastric cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostoglandins (like PGE & PGI) regulate parietal and chief cell activity

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) regulate macrophage and mast cell activity

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophage and mast cell activity in the stomach is regulated by

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The macrophages and mast cells in the stomach serve to

    <p>Repair damage done to the epithelial lining caused by breaks in the mucus barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rumination is described as

    <p>The regurgitation of chewed food for rechewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regurgitation of chewed food for rechewing is termed ____________

    <p>Rumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased mechanical breakdown of plant material results in

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the ruminant stomach is the true stomach

    <p>Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abomasum is considered the

    <p>The true stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forestomach has

    <p>3 compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is the forestomach made up of

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium, nonglandular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following

    <p>Smallest compartment, located cranial to the rumen and lies against the diaphragm on the median plane = Reticulum Takes up most of the left side of the abdominal cavity and extends from diaphragm to pelvis when it gets full = Rumen True stomach = Abomasum On the right side of the abdominal cavity, is reduced in camelids (or absent alltogether) = Omasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is located cranial to the rumen and lies against the diaphragm on the median plane

    <p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has honey comb appearance

    <p>Luminal surface of the reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luminal surface of the rumen has a honeycomb appearance and it _____________

    <p>Increases surface area of the absorptive surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contracts with the rumen in a coordinated manner

    <p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary contractions are termed

    <p>Reticulorumen contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary contractions (reticulorumen contractions) refer to

    <p>The mixing of contents back and forth between the rumen and the reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary contractions serve to

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows carbon dioxide and methane gas to be expelled

    <p>Eructation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentative digestion is anaerobic

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentative digestion is aerobic

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentative digestion happens via _____________

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fermentative digestion; what do cellulase enzymes do

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fermentative digestion reliant on

    <p>bacteria, protozoa and fungi from the rumen and reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are _________

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rumination process involves four steps, what is the first

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VFAs like proprionic acid are absorbed and converted in the ____________ into _________

    <p>Liver, glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VFAs other than proprionic acid are used to produce _______

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial breakdown of proteins yield peptides and amino acids that are _______________________

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial breakdown of proteins _____

    <p>Yields peptides and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ruminant liver converts ammonia to ___________

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ruminant liver converts ammonia to area that is secreted into the __________

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ruminant liver converts ammonia to urea that is secreted into the rumen to _____________

    <p>Supply the microbes with nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea is secreted into the saliva via _________

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When urea is secreted into the rumen what does it do

    <p>Supplies microbes with nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When microbes are digested they provide a small fraction of the source of protein for the ruminant

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When microbes are digested they provide the major source of protein for the ruminant

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rumen provides

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingesta moves into the ________ from the _________ in response to ____________________________

    <p>omasum, reticulum, reticulorumen contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ __________ are left at the top of the rumen and ________ are pushed into the __________ by primary contractions

    <p>Smaller particles, liquid, omasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner surface of the omasum has ___________

    <p>Many folds, like plies or leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the folds (plies or leaves) of the omasum

    <p>Increased absorptive surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner surface of the omasum has many folds for increased absorption of

    <p>Water and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At birth _________ and ________ are small and essentially ___________ with little to no __________ ___________ occurring while young are on a milk diet

    <p>rumen, reticulum, nonfunctional, fermentative digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the development of rumen and reticulum take in calves

    <p>3 months depending on the diet fed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The act of suckling causes milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum via ___________

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the reticular groove folds didnt fold in and enter the omasum directly

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the rumen pH is decreased

    <p>Production of lactic acid that causes acidosis which inhibits normal bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abomasum in young ruminants secretes the enzyme _______

    <p>Rennin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rennin

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milk protein remain in the abomasum for longer due to rennin and are broken down by

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine is made up of the

    <p>Duodenum, jejunum, ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the small intestine

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the large intestine

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, storage of feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the componetns of the large intestine

    <p>Cecum, colon, rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absorption of intestinal contents and consistency of stool depend partly on

    <p>Balance between perisalsis and segmental contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Complex reflex response in which feces is evacuated from the terminal colon and rectum = Defecation Voluntary motor impulses to external sphincter muscle are inhibited allowing the external sphincter to relax = During defecation Filters materials absorbed from the GI tract before they reach the systemic circulation = Liver Exocrine and endocrine functions = Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Enzyme produced in the saliva = Amylase Breakdown proteins into amino acids and dipeptides = Proteases Breaks down some of the protein chains into polypeptides = Gastric pepsin Penetrate bile acid coating and digest the fat molecule = Pancreatic lipases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the enzyme

    <p>Enteropeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enteropepcinogen is secreted in response to

    <p>CKK secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic enzymes are released as inactive precursors (proenzymes), the key precursor and activator is ______ which converts into __________ and activates more trypsinogen as well as ______________________

    <p>Trypsinogen, trypsin, other pancreatic enzyme precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical digestion of protein occurs at ___________ by __________ embedded in the cell membrane

    <p>brush border, peptidases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic enzymes are released as

    <p>Inactive precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Stomach breaks globules into droplets via agitation of the antrum = Emulsification Bile salts secreted into the duodenum via the livers bile duct attach to the droplets so they cannot form into globules again = Micelle formation Secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize stomach acid = Pancreas Largest organ in the body besides the skin = Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is released by ____________, secreted into __________ that merge to form _______ that form the _____________ leading to the _________ where bile is stored

    <p>Bile, hepatic cells, bile ductules, ducts, hepatic duct, gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood proteins are produced in the liver, which of the following is the primary protein

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CKK causes gallbladder contraction, forcing bile into the duodenum

    <p>Via the common bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Release of the hormone cholecytoskinin _____________ intestinal motility and ________ gastric motility

    <p>Stimulates, decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess stomach acid in the duodenum stimulates the release of homone __________ from the duodenum

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MAATCH

    <p>Coordinated contractions of longitudinal and circular muscle layer = Peristalsis Mix intestinal contents; random, localized contractions of circular muscl elayer = Segmental contractions Electrolytes, water, and vitamins can be absorbed intact = Small intestinal digestion Stimulation of stretch receptors in rectum, partial relaxation of internal sphincter of anus = Defecaton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentative digestion is

    <p>Anaerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antrum has gastric glands with mucous cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antrum has gastric glands with mast cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric glands in the fundus and body of the stomach

    <p>Mucous cells, chief cells and parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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