Physiology digestive

What accessory organs supply secretions to the digestive tract for digestion

The digestive tract can be described as

Materials within the lumen of the GI tract are, strictly speaking _________

Function of the oral cavity in order; _________, __________, _________ __________(add comma after each answer)

What is the mechanical breakdown of food, the process also increases surface area for exposure to digestive enzymes

What provides the enzymes for initial chemicla breakdown of food

What salivary enzyme is present in omnivores

What does amylase break down

Degluitition is the act of

Name the parts of the stomach cranial to caudal, add a comma after each part

What inhibits muscle activity of the fundus

This part of the stomach relaxes with swallowing but also contracts to help mix food

What moves food in the stomach

What is involved in peristalsis

What does the longitudinal muscle layer in the body of the stomach do

What is the role of the circular muscle layer in the body of the stomach

Where does the circular muscle layer maintain constant tone during stomach contractions

What maintains constant tone during stomach contractions

What prevents the stomach from pushing contents into duodenum too quickly

What is inhibited by factors causing distention of the small intestine or increased acidity in the duodenum

Stomach contractions can be inhibited by what

What does excess stomach acid in the duodenum do

Produces pepsinogen

Secretes mucous

Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Prehension of food is carried out with

What is the term for the mechanical grinding and breakdown of food

Digestive tract functions, for beginning to end

Saliva provides enzymes for the secondary chemical breakdown of food

Saliva provides enzymes for initial chemical breakdown of food

Breaks down lipids

Mastication and saliva work together to _________

Which gastric glands of the GI tract secrete intrinsic factor

Why is the secretion/production of intrinsic factor important

Which of the following can slow gastric emptying by stimulating the release of hormone cholecytoskinin (CKK)

Which of the following decreases contractions of gastric fundus, body and antrum

Which of the following hormones causes the fundus to relax and inhibits peristalsis of gastric body and antrum resulting in slowing of gastric emptying

Transports food from pharynx to stomach

Movement of a food bolus is a coordinated effort between what muscle layers

Which of the following moves the food bolus towards the stomach

The relaxation and contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscle layers is referred to as _________

What happens when the peristaltic wave reaches the lower end of the esophagus

The esophagus enters the stomach at an angle to allow the stomach to _______________

The salivary gland ducts secrete saliva when they are stimulated by

Relaxes with swallowing and allows filling

Secretion of gastrin by the G cells of the antrum inhibit muscle activity of the fundus which allows ___________

What allows relaxation and filling of the fundus and stimulation of mixing activity in the pyloric antrum

Propels food towards pylorus

Grinding and mixing activity in the pyloric antrum is stimulated by

When G cells secrete the hormone gastrin, the antrum begins to distend with food, what happens next

Pepsin and HCI are secreted into

Gastrin is a hormone that is secreted

What forces liquid food (chyme) through the duodenum

Antral contractions force liquid food (chyme) through

Helps regulate stomach acid production

Gastrin secreted by G cells

Acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons

Histamine secreted by ECL cells

What results in the correct amount of hydrogen and chloride secretion

Blocking any of the receptors that regulate stomach acid production will not cause a decrease in the production of stomach acid

Blocking any of the receptors that regulate stomach acid production will cause a decrease in the production of stomach acid

Match to its best description

Chemical digestion of proteins

Digestion of starch by salivary amylase

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) reduce stomach acid by inhibiting gastrin release from chief cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) increase stomach acid by stimulating gastrin release from G cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) reduce stomach acid by inhibiting gastrin release from G cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) do NOT directly inhibit parietal cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) may directly inhibit parietal cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stimulate potassium ion production

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stimulate bicarbonate ion production

Prostoglandins in the GI

Prostaglandins, (like PGE & PGI) can enhance blood flow to the liver

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) can enhance blood flow to the stomach

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) destabilizes lysosomes w/in gastric cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stabilize lysosomes w/in gastric cells

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) stabilize macrophages in gastric cells

Prostoglandins (like PGE & PGI) regulate parietal and chief cell activity

Prostaglandins, (PGE & PGI) regulate macrophage and mast cell activity

Macrophage and mast cell activity in the stomach is regulated by

The macrophages and mast cells in the stomach serve to

Rumination is described as

Regurgitation of chewed food for rechewing is termed ____________

Increased mechanical breakdown of plant material results in

What part of the ruminant stomach is the true stomach

The abomasum is considered the

The forestomach has

What type of epithelium is the forestomach made up of

Match the following

Which is located cranial to the rumen and lies against the diaphragm on the median plane

Has honey comb appearance

The luminal surface of the rumen has a honeycomb appearance and it _____________

Which of the following contracts with the rumen in a coordinated manner

Primary contractions are termed

Primary contractions (reticulorumen contractions) refer to

Primary contractions serve to

What allows carbon dioxide and methane gas to be expelled

Fermentative digestion is anaerobic

Fermentative digestion is aerobic

Fermentative digestion happens via _____________

During fermentative digestion; what do cellulase enzymes do

What is fermentative digestion reliant on

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are _________

The rumination process involves four steps, what is the first

VFAs like proprionic acid are absorbed and converted in the ____________ into _________

VFAs other than proprionic acid are used to produce _______

Microbial breakdown of proteins yield peptides and amino acids that are _______________________

Microbial breakdown of proteins _____

Ruminant liver converts ammonia to ___________

Ruminant liver converts ammonia to area that is secreted into the __________

The ruminant liver converts ammonia to urea that is secreted into the rumen to _____________

Urea is secreted into the saliva via _________

When urea is secreted into the rumen what does it do

When microbes are digested they provide a small fraction of the source of protein for the ruminant

When microbes are digested they provide the major source of protein for the ruminant

The rumen provides

Ingesta moves into the ________ from the _________ in response to ____________________________

_______ __________ are left at the top of the rumen and ________ are pushed into the __________ by primary contractions

The inner surface of the omasum has ___________

What is the function of the folds (plies or leaves) of the omasum

The inner surface of the omasum has many folds for increased absorption of

At birth _________ and ________ are small and essentially ___________ with little to no __________ ___________ occurring while young are on a milk diet

How long does the development of rumen and reticulum take in calves

The act of suckling causes milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum via ___________

What would happen if the reticular groove folds didnt fold in and enter the omasum directly

What happens if the rumen pH is decreased

Abomasum in young ruminants secretes the enzyme _______

Rennin

Milk protein remain in the abomasum for longer due to rennin and are broken down by

The small intestine is made up of the

What happens in the small intestine

What is the role of the large intestine

What are the componetns of the large intestine

Absorption of intestinal contents and consistency of stool depend partly on

Match

Match

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the enzyme

Enteropepcinogen is secreted in response to

Pancreatic enzymes are released as inactive precursors (proenzymes), the key precursor and activator is ______ which converts into __________ and activates more trypsinogen as well as ______________________

Chemical digestion of protein occurs at ___________ by __________ embedded in the cell membrane

Pancreatic enzymes are released as

Match

___________ is released by ____________, secreted into __________ that merge to form _______ that form the _____________ leading to the _________ where bile is stored

Blood proteins are produced in the liver, which of the following is the primary protein

CKK causes gallbladder contraction, forcing bile into the duodenum

Release of the hormone cholecytoskinin _____________ intestinal motility and ________ gastric motility

Excess stomach acid in the duodenum stimulates the release of homone __________ from the duodenum

MAATCH

Fermentative digestion is

The antrum has gastric glands with mucous cells

The antrum has gastric glands with mast cells

Gastric glands in the fundus and body of the stomach