Questions and Answers
Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.
Name the trace element most important for making bones hard.
Calcium.
Name the element, found in small amounts in the body, that is needed to make hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
Iron.
Does nonpolar mean hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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What are two roles of the membrane proteins?
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What type of cell function does the presence of microvilli typically indicate?
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Which cell junction is an impermeable barrier?
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Which cell junction is an anchoring junction?
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What is the function of a gap junction?
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Which two types of membrane junctions would you expect to find between cells of the heart?
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Which term does not belong: Peroxisomes, Enzymatic breakdown, Centrioles, Lysosomes?
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Which term does not belong: Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, Microfilaments, Cilia?
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Which term does not belong: Ribosomes, Smooth ER, Rough ER, Amino acids?
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Which term does not belong: Double membrane, Cristae, ATP production, Vitamin A storage?
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Which term does not belong: Centrioles, Mitochondria, Cilia, Flagella?
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Which term does not belong: ER, Ribosomes, Transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus?
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Which term does not belong: Nuclear pores, DNA, Lysosomes, Chromatin, Nucleolus?
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Which cytoskeletal element gives the cell its shape, radiates from the cell center, and has the thickest diameter?
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Which cytoskeletal element resists tension placed on a cell and is the most stable?
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Which cytoskeletal element is involved in moving intracellular structures?
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DNA molecules contain information for building specific ________.
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In a three-dimensional view, a DNA molecule looks like a spiral staircase; this is correctly called a ___________.
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The constant parts of DNA molecules are the _________ and _________ molecules, forming the DNA-ladder uprights, or backbones.
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The information of DNA is actually coded in the sequence of nitrogen-containing _________, which are bound together to form the 'rungs' of the DNA ladder.
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When the four DNA bases are combined in different three-base sequences, called triplets, different ____________ of the protein are called for.
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It is said that the N-containing bases of DNA are __________, which means that only certain bases can fit or interact together.
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Specifically, this means that _____ can bind with guanine, and adenine binds with ________.
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The production of proteins involves the cooperation of DNA and RNA. RNA is another type of nucleic acid that serves as a 'molecular slave' to DNA. That is, it leaves the nucleus and carries out the instructions of the DNA for the building of a protein on a cytoplasmic structure called a _____________.
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When a cell is preparing to divide, in order for its daughter cells to have all its information, it must oversee the ________ of its DNA so that a 'double dose' of genes is present for a brief period.
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For DNA synthesis to occur, the DNA must uncoil, and the bonds between the N bases must be broken. Then the two single strands of __________ each act as a _________ for the building of a whole DNA molecule.
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When completed, each DNA molecule formed is half _______ and half _______.
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DNA replicates before a cell divides, ensuring that each daughter cell has a complete set of _______.
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Cell division, which then follows, provides new cells so that ________ and _______ can occur.
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In which phase of mitosis do these occur: Chromatin coil and condense to form deeply staining bodies, the nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear, the spindle forms through the migration of the centrioles, chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers?
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In which phase of mitosis does this occur: Centromeres break, and chromosomes begin migration toward opposite poles of the cell?
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In which phase of mitosis do these occur: The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear, and when chromosomes cease their poleward movement, this phase begins?
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In which phase of mitosis does this occur: Chromosomes align on the equator of the spindle?
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The structure that acts as scaffolding for chromosomal attachment and movement is called the _________.
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If a cell undergoes nuclear division but not cytoplasmic division, the product is a _________ cell.
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Cytokinesis is the division of the ____________.
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Division of the _________ is referred to as mitosis.
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___________ is the period of cell life when the cell is not involved in division.
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The major structural difference between chromatin and chromosomes is that the latter are ____________.
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Transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mRNA is called _________.
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Assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called ____________.
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The complementary three-base sequence on DNA is called a _________.
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Which major tissue type is being described: Forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membranes; cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances; forms hormones.
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Which major tissue type is being described: Allows for organ movements within the body; cells of this tissue shorten to exert force; allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow.
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Which major tissue type is being described: Transmits electrochemical impulses; basis of the major controlling system of the body; forms the brain and spinal cord.
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Which major tissue type is being described: Supports body organs; packages and protects body organs; characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix; most widely distributed tissue type in the body.
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Which term does not belong: Collagen, Cell, Matrix, Cell product?
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Which term does not belong: Cilia, Flagellum, Microvilli, Elastic fibers?
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Which term does not belong: Glands, Bones, Epidermis, Mucosae?
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Which term does not belong: Adipose, Hyaline, Osseous, Nervous?
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Which term does not belong: Blood, Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal?
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Which connective tissue type provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendons; composes the majority of the dermis of the skin?
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Which connective tissue type acts as a storage for fat; composes the lamina propria and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types?
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Which connective tissue type forms the bony skeleton; contains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts?
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Which connective tissue type forms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints; reinforces the trachea; matrix with no specific shape, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth?
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Which connective tissue type provides insulation for the body?
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Which connective tissue type forms the stroma or internal 'skeleton' of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs?
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The nonspecific response of the body to injury is called regeneration.
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Intact capillaries near an injury dilate, leaking plasma, blood cells, and antibodies, which cause the blood to clot. The clot at the surface dries to form a scab.
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During the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot, forming a delicate pink tissue called endodermal tissue.
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When damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of the granulation tissue. This repair process is called proliferation.
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If tissue damage is very severe, tissue repair is more likely to occur by fibrosis, or scarring. The repair of cardiac muscle and nervous tissue occurs mainly by fibrosis.
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During fibrosis, fibroblasts in the granulation tissue lay down keratin fibers, which form a strong, compact, but inflexible mass.
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During embryonic development, cells specialize to form ___________.
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Mitotic cell division is very important for overall body _____________.
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All tissues except _________ tissue continue to undergo cell division until the end of adolescence. After this time, __________ tissue also becomes amitotic.
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When amitotic tissues are damaged, they are replaced by _________ tissue, which does not function in the same way as the original tissue. This is a serious problem when heart cells are damaged.
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Aging begins almost as soon as we are born. Three explanations of the aging process have been offered. One states that _________ insults, such as the presence of toxic substances in the blood, are important.
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Another theory states that external _______ factors, such as X-rays, help to cause aging.
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A third theory suggests that aging is programmed in our ______.
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Three examples of aging processes seen in all people are ___________, ______________, and ______________.
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Neoplasms occur when cells 'go wild' and the normal controls of cell ________ are lost.
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The two types of neoplasms are ___________ and __________.
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The __________ type tends to stay localized and have a capsule.
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The _________ type is likely to invade other body tissues and spread to other (distant) parts of the body.
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To correctly diagnose the type of neoplasm, a microscopic examination of the tissue called a __________ is usually done.
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Whenever possible, ________ is the treatment of choice for neoplasms.
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An overgrowth of tissue that is not considered to be a neoplasm is referred to as _______.
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Conversely, a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue, resulting from loss of normal stimulation, is called ____________.
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Johnny lacerated his arm and rushed home to Mom so she could 'fix it.' His mother poured hydrogen peroxide over the area, and it bubbled vigorously where it came in contact with the wound. Because you can expect that cells were ruptured in the injured area, what do you think was happening here?
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The epidermis (epithelium of the cutaneous membrane or skin) is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Explain why that epithelium is much better suited for protecting the body's external surface than a mucosa consisting of a simple columnar epithelium would be.
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Streptomycin (an antibiotic) binds to the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria (but not to the ribosomes of the host cells infected by bacteria). The result is the misreading of bacteria mRNA and the breakup of polysomes (mRNA and two or more ribosomes). What process is being affected, and how does this kill the bacterial cells?
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Systematic lupus erythematosus (often simply called lupus) is a condition that primarily affects young women. It is a chronic (persistent) inflammation that affects all or most of the connective tissue proper in the body. Suzy is told by her doctor that she has lupus, and she asks if it will have widespread or merely localized effects within the body. What would the physician answer? Explain.
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Mrs. Linsey sees her gynecologist because she is unable to become pregnant. The doctor discovers granulation tissue in her vaginal canal and explains that sperm are susceptible to some of the same chemicals as bacteria. What is inhibiting the sperm?
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Sarah, a trainee of the electron microscopist at the local hospital, is reviewing some micrographs of muscle cells and macrographs (phagocytic cells). She notices that the muscle cells are loaded with mitochondria while the macrophages have abundant lysosomes. Why is this so?
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Bradley tripped and tore one of the tendons surrounding his ankle. In anguish with pain, he asked his doctor how quickly he could expect it to heal. What do you think the doctor's response was and why?
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Phagocytes gather in the air sacs of the lungs, especially in the lungs of smokers. What is the connection?
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Study Notes
Cells and Tissues Overview
- Four primary elements in living matter: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.
- Key trace element for bone hardness: Calcium.
- Essential element for hemoglobin: Iron.
Cell Membranes and Junctions
- Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic.
- Membrane proteins serve as enzymes, receptors, and transporters.
- Microvilli presence indicates absorption capability in cells.
- Tight junctions create impermeable barriers.
- Desmosomes function as anchoring junctions.
- Gap junctions facilitate cellular communication.
- Heart tissue primarily features gap junctions and desmosomes.
Cellular Organelles and Structures
- Centrioles don't belong with peroxisomes, lysosomes, or enzymatic breakdown.
- Cilia are distinct from microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
- Ribosomes differ from smooth ER, rough ER, and amino acids.
- Vitamin A storage is not related to double membranes, cristae, or ATP production.
- Mitochondria are not classified with centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Cytoskeleton Components
- Microtubules are the thickest and provide cell shape, radiating from the cell center.
- Intermediate filaments maintain cell stability and resist tension.
- Microfilaments assist in intracellular movement.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA encodes specific proteins.
- DNA appears as a helix, resembling a spiral staircase.
- Backbone of DNA consists of phosphate and deoxyribose sugar molecules.
- The coding sequence is determined by nitrogen-containing bases, forming rungs.
- Triplets of DNA bases specify amino acids for protein synthesis.
- N-containing bases exhibit complementarity: cytosine pairs with guanine, adenine pairs with thymine.
Protein Synthesis
- RNA acts as a messenger for DNA instructions, functioning at ribosomes.
- DNA replication ensures daughter cells receive complete genetic information.
Cell Division
- Mitosis phases:
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, spindle forms.
- Anaphase: centromeres break, chromosomes migrate.
- Telophase: nuclear membrane reappears, chromosomes cease movement.
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at equator.
- Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic division following mitosis.
- Interphase is the non-dividing stage of cell life.
- Aging leads to dehydration, endocrine changes, and connective tissue structural alterations.
Tissue Types
- Epithelial tissue forms mucous and serous membranes, and can absorb/secrete.
- Muscle tissue facilitates bodily movements, allowing actions like swimming and grasping.
- Nervous tissue transmits impulses, comprising the brain and spinal cord.
- Connective tissue supports, packages, and protects organs, characterized by a nonliving matrix.
Healing and Repair
- Inflammation is the body's non-specific response to injury.
- Clotting proteins leak from capillaries during injury, forming a scab.
- Granulation tissue forms during tissue repair.
- Fibrosis occurs in severe damage, replacing original tissue with scar tissue.
- Neoplasms arise from uncontrolled cell division, classified as benign or malignant.
Special Connective Tissue Types
- Dense fibrous connective tissue provides strength through aligned collagen fibers.
- Adipose connective tissue stores fat and acts as insulation.
- Osseous tissue forms the skeletal structure with a hard matrix.
- Hyaline cartilage provides a smoother, glassy matrix for joints.
Aging and Disease
- Aging theories include chemical insults, physical factors, and genetic programming.
- Complications arise when amitotic tissues like nervous and cardiac are damaged, leading to nonfunctional scar tissue.
- Phagocytes in the lungs combat debris, crucial for smokers impacted by toxins.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on cells and tissues with these flashcards from Chapter 3 of the Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Book. This quiz covers essential elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron, which are crucial for living organisms and their functions.
