A Crise de 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929

• The crisis began on October 24, 1929, known as Black Thursday, with a massive sale of shares on the New York Stock Exchange.
• Share prices plummeted, leading to a loss of value and a subsequent crash.
• The crisis, known as the Great Depression, led to a global economic downturn.

The Great Depression

• The crisis led to the collapse of banks, as loans were not repaid.
• There was a decrease in demand, leading to the closure of businesses.
• Farmers were ruined, and unemployment rates skyrocketed.
• The crisis spread globally, with the US reducing its imports and the US banking system withdrawing its capital from Europe.

The New Deal (1933)

• Introduced by President Roosevelt, it aimed to stabilize the economy.
• The New Deal included public works, subsidies for farmers, and improved labor conditions.
• It also led to the restructuring of the financial system.

The Rise of Totalitarianisms

• The crisis created a fragile democratic context, with social tensions and fear of a communist revolution.
• The collapse of authoritarian empires led to the rise of totalitarian regimes.
• Parties with extreme ideologies, such as fascist and communist parties, emerged.
• Dictatorships were established in Austria, Greece, and Spain, with a single party controlling the state and suppressing individual freedoms.

Fascist Italy

• After World War I, Italy experienced a strong sense of disappointment and frustration.
• The country faced inflation, unemployment, and social unrest.
• The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, gained popularity and eventually took power.
• The party's ideology was based on opposition to democracy and communism, with a strong leader and a cult of violence.

Mussolini's Rise to Power

• In 1921, Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party.
• The party used violence to control social disorder and eventually took power by force.
• Mussolini became the leader of the government and eventually established a dictatorship.
• He implemented a series of measures, including the suppression of individual freedoms, the elimination of opponents, and the implementation of a centralized economy.

Nazi Germany

• The Weimar Republic was established in 1919 after Germany's defeat in World War I.
• The republic was weak and faced opposition from both the extreme left and right.
• Hitler joined the German Workers' Party (DAP) in 1919 and eventually transformed it into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).
• Hitler's ideology was based on racism, anti-Semitism, and the concept of "lebensraum" (living space).

Hitler's Rise to Power

• Hitler's party gained popularity during a period of economic crisis and social unrest.
• The party's propaganda and cult of violence appealed to the German people.
• In 1932, Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, and eventually, he established a dictatorship.
• The Nazi regime was characterized by its suppression of individual freedoms, its cult of violence, and its aggressive foreign policy.