61 Questions
The endomembrane system when homogenized is broken up into vesicles, which are heterogeneous but similar in size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their biological activity. They are collectively referred to as ____
microsomes
Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called ____
cell-free systems
A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference is a process in which cells produce small RNAs called ____ that bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins
siRNA
What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end, an arrangement that reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?
nucleus and RER - SER - Golgi complex - secretory vesicles
What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?
They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure
Which of the proteins below is (are) not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?
peripheral membrane proteins
Vesicles that move through the Golgi Complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane are said to move in a(n) _____ direction
retrograde
Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi stack backwards toward the ER?
COPI-coated vesicles
The retrieval sequence for the escaped protein is
Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?
the TGN
What type of collagen is non-fibrillar?
Type IV
Which of the following is not TRUE about glycosaminoglycans
They are highly basic
Collagen family members consist of
3 chains of triple helix
Type I collagen mutation cause fragile bones, thin skin and weak tendon. This condition is called
osteogenesis imperfecta
Degradation of extracellular matrix is accomplished by
metalloproteinases
The activation of a membrane integrin by the binding of its cytoplasmic portion to molecules in the cytoplasm and the resultant increase in its affinity for an extracellular ligand is called
inside-out signaling
Epidermolysis bullosa, an inherited blistering disease, is caused by ________.
genetic alterations in any one of a number of hemidesmosomal proteins
Tight junctions are specialized contacts between epithelial cells and form the blood-brain barrier.
True
Animals lacking the claudin-1 gene suffered from ___________.
uncontrolled water loss
N-cadherin expressed in
Neural tube cells
You disaggregate cells from two different developing organs and mix them together. Initially, they form a mixed clump. What happens next?
The cells sort themselves out so that each cell adhered only to cells of the same type.
The loss of cadherin function may be instrumental in what disease state?
the spread of malignant tumors
Desmosomes are particularly numerous in tissues _____________.
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is not TRUE for ECM
It degrades by TIMP
RGD peptide acts as a competitive inhibitor to Fibrinogen/Integrin interaction
True
Which of the following is not TRUE for metastatic cells
They are more adhesive and start invading other tissues after adhesion
Which one integrates the extracellular and intracellular environments?
Integrin
You coat a Petri dish with fibronectin and proteoglycans and culture cells on the dish. The cells adhere to the dish. You repeat the experiment but this time add RGD tripeptides to the culture dish as the cells are added. What happens?
The cells do not adhere to the dish.
Which of the following is composed of three polypeptide chains and linked by disulfide bonds.
Laminin
Which statement is/are correct about antioxidants
All are correct
Collagen fibrils are strengthened by covalent cross-links between _____ and ____ residues on adjacent collagen molecules.
lysine, hydroxylysine
Basement membranes contain Type IV collagen, a nonfibrillar collagen organized in a flattened network. The Type IV collagen trimer has some interspersed nonhelical segments. What property does this confer upon basement membranes?
flexibility
What substance joins proteoglycans together into gigantic complexes called proteoglycan aggregates? These complexes can occupy very large volumes.
hyaluronic acid
The degradation of the extracellular matrix, along with cell surface proteins, is accomplished mostly by a _____-containing enzyme family called _______.
zinc, matrix metalloproteinases
What integral membrane protein family made of two membrane-spanning chains (a and b) is involved in attaching cells to their extracellular microenvironment?
integrins
The activation of a membrane integrin by the binding of its cytoplasmic portion to molecules in the cytoplasm and the resultant increase in its affinity for an extracellular ligand is called inside-out signaling
True
The earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth probably used what substance as an electron source for photosynthesis?
hydrogen sulfide
The orderly sac like structure in chloroplast is called
Thylakoid
Chloroplast are predominantly located in the
mesophyll cells
What is the key molecule in C4 plants that combines with carbon dioxide?
PEP
The initial product of carbon fixation contains ____ carbons, but it breaks down into two compounds containing _____ carbons.
6,3
Algal cultures in sealed containers were exposed to radiolabeled [14C]O2 for a brief incubation period. Soluble molecules were extracted from the algae and subjected to 2D-paper chromatography. How many carbons are found in the most predominant spot on the chromatogram?
3
Plastocyanin transfer electrons to
P700
In chloroplasts, a proton gradient is established with a higher concentration of protons found in the thylakoid lumen and a lower concentration in the stroma.
True
What is the waste product of photolysis?
oxygen
The excited PSII reaction-center pigment (P680*) transfers a single photoexcited electron to a closely associated, chlorophyll-like molecule called _________.
pheophytin
Pheophytin passes electrons to
Plastoquinone A->B
Absorption of light by PSI leads to the formation of P680+ that acts as an oxidizing agent and pulls electrons from water
False
Conversion of 6 molecules of carbon dioxide
requires 12 molecules of NADPH and 18 molecules of ATP.
The minimum number of photons needed to make one molecule of O2 during photosynthesis are
8
The chlorophyll porphyrin ring contains
magnesium
Condensation of carbon dioxide with Ribulose bisphosphate results in generation of a short lived intermediate that rapidly converts into 3-phosphoglycerate
True
Which one is NOT true about noncyclic phosphorylation?
Carbon dioxide is produced
Select the statements that true for C3 plants
All statements are correct
Chlorophyll a has a methyl group but chlorophyll b is more polar because of the CHO group
True
Select all that apply to herbicides mode of action
All statements are correct
Which photosystem is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?
PSI
What is readily available stored source of energy in muscles to create ATP when some exhaust its mitochondrial ATP?
Creatine phosphate
The glucose transporter is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
Mary has O blood group. Which of the following statement is correct for Mary's blood group.
She lacks enzymes that is capable of attaching galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine to the end of the oligosaccharide chain on RBC membrane glycolipids
Select which statement is true for the initiation of action potential
Action potential is generated by the influx of sodium ions and this process is called depolarization
Test your knowledge of the endomembrane system, RNA interference, organelle arrangement in secretory cells, and the purpose of molecular chaperones. Identify proteins made on membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER.
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