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The endomembrane system when homogenized is broken up into vesicles, which are heterogeneous but similar in size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their biological activity. They are collectively referred to as ____

  • endosomes
  • microsomes (correct)
  • ribosomes
  • lysosomes

Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called ____

  • in vivo systems
  • cell-free systems (correct)
  • test tube systems
  • onsite systems

A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference is a process in which cells produce small RNAs called ____ that bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins

  • snRNA
  • isRNA
  • mRNA
  • siRNA (correct)

What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end, an arrangement that reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?

<p>nucleus and RER - SER - Golgi complex - secretory vesicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?

<p>They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the proteins below is (are) not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?

<p>peripheral membrane proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vesicles that move through the Golgi Complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane are said to move in a(n) _____ direction

<p>retrograde (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi stack backwards toward the ER?

<p>COPI-coated vesicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The retrieval sequence for the escaped protein is

Signup and view all the answers

Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?

<p>the TGN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen is non-fibrillar?

<p>Type IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not TRUE about glycosaminoglycans

<p>They are highly basic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen family members consist of

<p>3 chains of triple helix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type I collagen mutation cause fragile bones, thin skin and weak tendon. This condition is called

<p>osteogenesis imperfecta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Degradation of extracellular matrix is accomplished by

<p>metalloproteinases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of a membrane integrin by the binding of its cytoplasmic portion to molecules in the cytoplasm and the resultant increase in its affinity for an extracellular ligand is called

<p>inside-out signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epidermolysis bullosa, an inherited blistering disease, is caused by ________.

<p>genetic alterations in any one of a number of hemidesmosomal proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tight junctions are specialized contacts between epithelial cells and form the blood-brain barrier.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals lacking the claudin-1 gene suffered from ___________.

<p>uncontrolled water loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

N-cadherin expressed in

<p>Neural tube cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You disaggregate cells from two different developing organs and mix them together. Initially, they form a mixed clump. What happens next?

<p>The cells sort themselves out so that each cell adhered only to cells of the same type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The loss of cadherin function may be instrumental in what disease state?

<p>the spread of malignant tumors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Desmosomes are particularly numerous in tissues _____________.

<p>All of these are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not TRUE for ECM

<p>It degrades by TIMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

RGD peptide acts as a competitive inhibitor to Fibrinogen/Integrin interaction

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not TRUE for metastatic cells

<p>They are more adhesive and start invading other tissues after adhesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one integrates the extracellular and intracellular environments?

<p>Integrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You coat a Petri dish with fibronectin and proteoglycans and culture cells on the dish. The cells adhere to the dish. You repeat the experiment but this time add RGD tripeptides to the culture dish as the cells are added. What happens?

<p>The cells do not adhere to the dish. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is composed of three polypeptide chains and linked by disulfide bonds.

<p>Laminin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is/are correct about antioxidants

<p>All are correct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen fibrils are strengthened by covalent cross-links between _____ and ____ residues on adjacent collagen molecules.

<p>lysine, hydroxylysine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basement membranes contain Type IV collagen, a nonfibrillar collagen organized in a flattened network. The Type IV collagen trimer has some interspersed nonhelical segments. What property does this confer upon basement membranes?

<p>flexibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance joins proteoglycans together into gigantic complexes called proteoglycan aggregates? These complexes can occupy very large volumes.

<p>hyaluronic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The degradation of the extracellular matrix, along with cell surface proteins, is accomplished mostly by a _____-containing enzyme family called _______.

<p>zinc, matrix metalloproteinases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What integral membrane protein family made of two membrane-spanning chains (a and b) is involved in attaching cells to their extracellular microenvironment?

<p>integrins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of a membrane integrin by the binding of its cytoplasmic portion to molecules in the cytoplasm and the resultant increase in its affinity for an extracellular ligand is called inside-out signaling

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth probably used what substance as an electron source for photosynthesis?

<p>hydrogen sulfide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orderly sac like structure in chloroplast is called

<p>Thylakoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplast are predominantly located in the

<p>mesophyll cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key molecule in C4 plants that combines with carbon dioxide?

<p>PEP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial product of carbon fixation contains ____ carbons, but it breaks down into two compounds containing _____ carbons.

<p>6,3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algal cultures in sealed containers were exposed to radiolabeled [14C]O2 for a brief incubation period. Soluble molecules were extracted from the algae and subjected to 2D-paper chromatography. How many carbons are found in the most predominant spot on the chromatogram?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plastocyanin transfer electrons to

<p>P700 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chloroplasts, a proton gradient is established with a higher concentration of protons found in the thylakoid lumen and a lower concentration in the stroma.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waste product of photolysis?

<p>oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The excited PSII reaction-center pigment (P680*) transfers a single photoexcited electron to a closely associated, chlorophyll-like molecule called _________.

<p>pheophytin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pheophytin passes electrons to

<p>Plastoquinone A-&gt;B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Absorption of light by PSI leads to the formation of P680+ that acts as an oxidizing agent and pulls electrons from water

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conversion of 6 molecules of carbon dioxide

<p>requires 12 molecules of NADPH and 18 molecules of ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The minimum number of photons needed to make one molecule of O2 during photosynthesis are

<p>8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chlorophyll porphyrin ring contains

<p>magnesium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condensation of carbon dioxide with Ribulose bisphosphate results in generation of a short lived intermediate that rapidly converts into 3-phosphoglycerate

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one is NOT true about noncyclic phosphorylation?

<p>Carbon dioxide is produced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the statements that true for C3 plants

<p>All statements are correct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll a has a methyl group but chlorophyll b is more polar because of the CHO group

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that apply to herbicides mode of action

<p>All statements are correct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which photosystem is involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?

<p>PSI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is readily available stored source of energy in muscles to create ATP when some exhaust its mitochondrial ATP?

<p>Creatine phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glucose transporter is an example of

<p>Facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mary has O blood group. Which of the following statement is correct for Mary's blood group.

<p>She lacks enzymes that is capable of attaching galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine to the end of the oligosaccharide chain on RBC membrane glycolipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select which statement is true for the initiation of action potential

<p>Action potential is generated by the influx of sodium ions and this process is called depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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