ANAPHY BLOCK 2

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Which is not a disease of the skeletal system?

osteogenesis imperfecta

osteoporosis

neuropathy (correct)

osteomalacia

Which of the following is a genetic condition that affects bones?

fracture

osteoporosis

osteomalacia

osteogenesis imperfecta (correct)

What type of bone is the hip bone?

irregular bone

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: cruciate

not a bone (B) Signup and view all the answers

what type of bone forms the skull?

flat bone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the skeletal system is responsible for lubrication and shock absorption?

cartilage (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the carpal?

short bone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the skeletal system is responsible for linking bones to other bones to stabilize the articulation?

ligaments Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton is associated with which function?

protection of the internal organs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: pectoral girdle

appendicular (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are two major bones of the skull?

Cranium, Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: mandible

axial Signup and view all the answers

Hematopoiesis is the:

Signup and view all the answers

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: scapula

appendicular (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is properly matched with its function?

Clavicle -- helps keep the shoulder in place (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the skeletal system is responsible for connecting bones to muscles?

tendon (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are the vertebrae?

irregular bone Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeletal system has more articulations with greater range of motion?

appendicular (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the humerus?

long bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: sternum

axial (A) Signup and view all the answers

Choose if the following word is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, or if it is not a bone at all: fibula

appendicular (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which nanostructure is responsible for tensile resistance in bone?

collagen (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is properly matched with its function?

All of the above are correctly matched with their function (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nanostructure is responsible for compression resistance in cartilage?

proteoglycans (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which nanostructure is responsible for compression resistance in bone?

proteoglycans (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of bone has a collection of specialized cells, organic extracellular matrix proteins, and and inorganic salt crystals?

both (C) Signup and view all the answers

Hydroxyapatite is:

an inorganic mixture containing calcium and phosphate (A) Signup and view all the answers

In osteogenesis imperfecta, which molecule is altered?

collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which cells secrete osteoid?

osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which cells transform within the bone?

osteoblasts become osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is not an inorganic component of bone?

collagen (C) Signup and view all the answers

For which type of fracture would serious reconstructive measures be needed?

comminuted fracture (D) Signup and view all the answers

For the following, identify the macroscopic structures of compact bone: Compact bone

osteons (B) Signup and view all the answers

The main role of osteocytes is to:

act as mechanical sensors Signup and view all the answers

How can reduced force on the cartilage in articulations, such as that experienced by astronauts in microgravity, lead to cell loss in cartilage?

There is reduced fluid motion to the cells embedded in the cartilage. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A main role of proteoglycans in bone is to:

attract water that acts to cushion compression (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fractures is not properly matched with its description?

Simple fracture -- ends of the broken bone break through the skin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Bones store calcium for use in the rest of the body. How is the homeostasis of calcium controlled?

hormones from the endocrine system (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are osteoporosis drugs intended to inhibit?

osteoclasts (A) Signup and view all the answers

Increased levels of calcitonin hormone may cause what?

low calcium levels in the blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones act against one another with calcium levels?

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin D help maintain bones?

It increases calcium absorption from the diet. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of rickets?

Bowed legs in adults (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures allow external mechanical information to be quickly transmitted?

Canaliculi (D) Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle would be most responsible for:

Determining the diameter of the bronchioles (airways). (C) Signup and view all the answers

Rigor mortis is most directly caused by:

Lack of ATP. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a major function of muscle tissue?

Production of vitamins. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Moving blood throughout the body.

Tendons that are fused with the connective tissue in muscle. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The different types of muscle tissue differ from each other by:

All of these choices are correct. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The property of muscle that gives it the ability to stretch without damage is :

Extensibility. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the:

Epimysium. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The type of tendon formed when the connective tissue elements of a skeletal muscle extend as a broad flat layer is called:

Aponeurosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The contractile organelles of a skeletal muscle fiber are thread-like structures called:

Myofibrils. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true concerning Muscle Tone?

It helps with stronger movements. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following connects muscle to bone?

Tendons (A) Signup and view all the answers

To gain speed in motion, third class levers sacrifice what?

Force (D) Signup and view all the answers

Prime mover is another term for which of the following?

Agonist (C) Signup and view all the answers

You can pick up clues about the muscle itself or its action from understanding the complete name of the muscle. What information can you tell about the rectus femoris just from its name?

The direction of fibers and location. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not properly matched with its level of organization?

Sacromere and myofibrils- cell level (B) Signup and view all the answers

While performing pull-ups, a person slowly lowers themselves from the “up” position. This is an example of:

An eccentric isotonic contraction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to:

Rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase (B) Signup and view all the answers

In an isometric contraction, the muscle develops tension but does not:

Lengthen (D) Signup and view all the answers

Increasing the number of active motor units within a skeletal muscle is called:

Motor unit recruitment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which is a correct sequence of events in the onset of rigor mortis?

Cellular membranes become leaky -> calcium ions leak into the sarcoplasm -> myosin heads bind to actin -> muscles are in a state of rigidity (D) Signup and view all the answers

A triad consists of what components?

One T tubule and two terminal cisternae. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Force generation in a whole skeletal muscle would not be enhanced by:

Increasing the extracellular calcium concentration. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Myoblasts in muscular system perform a similar function to _______ in the skeletal system?

Osteoblasts (B) Signup and view all the answers

Calcium is used to trigger cross-bridge formation during which phase of muscle contraction?

Contraction phase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles can differ in the time it takes them to generate tension after a stimulus is applied. This is often the result of:

Whether the fiber types are oxidative or glycolytic. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Biceps are predominantly composed of which type of muscle fiber?

Fast glycolytic (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is used to reinforce the sarcolemma and to help transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons?

Dystrophin (A) Signup and view all the answers

The sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers is used for storing:

Ca2+ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscle cells are generally multinucleate because:

They were formed by fusion of more than one cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe aerobic cellular respiration in skeletal muscles?

Lactic acid is continually produced. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A packet of electromagnetic energy.

Photon (D) Signup and view all the answers

X-rays are created in the nucleus and Gamma rays are created at the atomic level. X-rays are usually created by accelerated electrons hitting a target, and gamma rays are emitted from radioactive nuclei.

First sentence is false; second sentence is true (B) Signup and view all the answers

It is created by electrons colliding with inner electrons in the atoms of the metal anode, giving them enough energy to leave the atom.

Characteristic X-rays (C) Signup and view all the answers

Are produce from an accelerated electron bypassing the atomic electrons and coming close to a nucleus in the target.

Bremsstrahlung (B) Signup and view all the answers

A process of reducing the number of X-ray photons in the beam

Attenuation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Is the process by which a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, thus acquiring a net charge.

Ionization (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not TRUE about bone remodeling?

is accomplished mainly by osteocytes and osteoid. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT typically associated with the skeletal system?

facilitating communication between nerve cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options represents a set of fused bones in adults?

Sacral bone (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue are bones classified as?

Connective tissue. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary site of growth in length during the development of a long bone?

Epiphyseal plate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the connective tissue layer that covers the outer surface of a bone?

Periosteum. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a long bone is NOT true?

It is primarily composed of cartilage. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the spaces in the matrix of compact bone called, which contain cells known as osteocytes?

Lacunae (D) Signup and view all the answers

When bone growth in length stops, which of the following statements accurately describes the changes that occur in the epiphyseal plates?

The cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and is called the epiphyseal line. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about intramembranous ossification is NOT accurate?

It is the process that produces most of the skeletal system. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical terms for bone features is NOT accurately matched with its description?

Process—Prominent indentation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is considered a part of the appendicular skeleton?

Clavicle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two bones of the skull in which teeth are located?

Maxilla and mandible. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ribs attach directly to the sternum by means of costal cartilages?

True (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sections of the vertebral column is correctly matched with its corresponding number of vertebrae?

Sacral—5 vertebrae fused into one sacrum. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these sections of the vertebral column exhibit a posterior convexity?

Thoracic curvature and sacrum (with coccyx) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvic girdle?

Femur (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT typically associated with the skeletal system?

Nervous system coordination. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT considered a part of the axial skeleton?

Radius (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bony features is NOT part of the humerus bone?

Olecranon process (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the region in the vertebral column that is located in the lower back and consists of five fused vertebrae?

Sacrum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are intervertebral discs (IV discs) primarily composed of fibrocartilage?

To act as a shock absorber and cushion between vertebrae. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pectoral girdle is correct?

It consists of the clavicle and scapula. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about human ribs is accurate?

Ribs are classified as flat bones. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of skeletal muscle?

Striated appearance (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to muscles?

Myo- (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the connective tissue layers that surround and support individual muscle fibers and bundles of muscle fibers, respectively, within a skeletal muscle?

Endomysium and perimysium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is typically associated with smooth muscles?

Involuntary control (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of cardiac muscle cells that distinguishes them from skeletal muscle cells?

They are interconnected by intercalated discs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles in the human body?

Producing voluntary movement by pulling on bones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the specialized cell membrane that surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Sarcolemma (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the sarcomere, the fundamental unit of muscle contraction, organized at the molecular level, and what are the key components that play a role in its structure and function?

Actin and myosin filaments (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum play in muscle cells, and how does it contribute to the regulation of muscle contraction?

Storing and releasing calcium ions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of skeletal muscle refers to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus?

Irritability (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of neuromuscular junctions?

They facilitate communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the synaptic cleft, and what is its function in the transmission of nerve signals?

It is the gap between the axon terminal and the target cell. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes action potentials?

Brief, rapid changes in membrane potential along the axon. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the sliding filament theory explain the mechanism of muscle contraction?

It outlines how myosin and actin filaments slide past each other during muscle contraction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key differences between muscle twitch and muscle tetanus?

Muscle twitch is caused by a single action potential, whereas muscle tetanus results from multiple, rapid action potentials. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction?

Muscle contraction primarily depends on the breakdown of ATP. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with isotonic contractions in muscle physiology?

Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the origin and insertion points in the study of muscle anatomy?

The origin is typically proximal and remains fixed during muscle contraction, while the insertion is typically distal and moves during contraction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a prime mover muscle from an antagonist muscle in the context of muscle function?

Prime mover muscles are primarily responsible for causing a specific movement, while antagonist muscles work to oppose or reverse that same movement. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes extension movement in the context of joint motion?

It involves the straightening or increasing of the angle between two bones at a joint. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the biceps brachii muscle and its primary action?

It is a skeletal muscle located in the upper arm and is primarily responsible for flexing the elbow. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the deltoid muscle in the human body?

It is the major muscle responsible for abducting the arm at the shoulder joint. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the gastrocnemius muscle located in the human body, and what is its primary action?

It is a muscle in the calf region and plays a major role in plantarflexion of the foot. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action and location of the quadriceps muscles in the human body?

The quadriceps muscles are found in the thigh and are primarily responsible for extending the knee joint. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of hamstring muscles in the human body?

Hamstring muscles are located in the posterior thigh and are primarily responsible for knee flexion. (C) Signup and view all the answers