CVD anatomy

Which structure divides at the septum to form the right and left bundle branches?

Where is the Sinoatrial (SA) node located?

Which node is situated at the base of the right atrium, near the septum?

What is the function of the Bundle of His (AV bundle)?

Which statement accurately describes the pumping action of the heart?

What can be said about the pulmonary circulation?

Which of the following best describes the systemic circulation?

Why is the left side of the heart muscle thicker and stronger?

Which layer of the heart acts as protection for the heart?

The myocardium is composed of:

What type of cells make up the endocardium?

Which cells receive nervous stimulation from the SA and AV nodes?

Cardiomyocytes are longer than skeletal myocytes.

The papillary muscles are located in which part of the heart?

What is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?

How do the papillary muscles prevent valve inversion or prolapse?

What attaches the papillary muscles to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?

Where does the Bundle of His originate?

What causes the opening of a heart valve?

When does the valve close in response to a pressure gradient?

The chordae tendineae is colloquially known as _________

Which region is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses in the heart?

What is the purpose of the purkinje fibres?

Which statement best describes the resting membrane potential of cells?

What is the role of action potentials in muscle cells, including cardiac muscle?

How does the heart generate its own action potential?

Which type of cardiac muscle cells initiate and conduct action potentials for contractile cells?

How is the electrical activity associated with action potentials in cardiac muscle recorded?

Why is the slow conduction of the action potential through the AV node advantageous?

What occurs during the AV nodal delay?

Which ions enter the ventricular cells to trigger contraction?

When is the contraction of ventricular cells maximum?

What part of the ECG corresponds to the maximum contraction of ventricular cells?

How can problems with contraction be detected on the ECG?

Which ion influx is responsible for the rapid depolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential?

During which phase of the cardiac action potential is there an influx of Ca+ ions?

Which ion efflux is primarily responsible for the repolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential?

What does the QRS complex represent?

What does the P wave represent?

What does the T wave represent?

What is the PR interval?

During which segment is ventricular muscle contraction greatest?

Which valve is affected in mitral stenosis?

What is mitral stenosis

What is the consequence of mitral stenosis?

In aortic stenosis, which valve fails to open properly?

What is the result of aortic stenosis?

What happens in mitral regurgitation?

What can occur during ventricular contraction in mitral regurgitation?