Module 8
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Questions and Answers

They contain Hemoglobin (Hgb) which carries Oxygen to the different tissues of the body. They also contain enzymes (Carbonic anhydrases) that catalyze the reaction between CO2 and water to become Carbonic acid.

  • White Blood Cells
  • Red Blood Cells (correct)
  • Platelets
  • Monocytes

It transports oxygen and other nutrients.

  • Red Blood Cells
  • Blood (correct)
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets

Generally biconcave discs, non-nucleated, and non-motile.

  • Mammalian (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Hormones
  • Avian

Increase in the number of circulating RBC.

<p>Polycythemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decrease in the number of circulating RBC.

<p>Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

1 WBC: __ RBC

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

The younger the Red Blood Cell, the _____ it is.

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Listed below are the Hemopoietic Organs except:

<p>Pancreas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ = embryonic life

<p>Yolk sac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oval, nucleated, and non-motile.

<p>Avians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

__ = main organ of production during second trimester of gestation (spleen and lymph nodes are also active)

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the RBC mature, it _____ in size.

<p>Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Later part of gestation and after the birth of an individual

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a depression at the center of the red blood cell.

<p>Central Pallor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It means blood in general.

<p>Hemo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Precursor/origin of all blood cell.

<p>Pleuripotent Hemopoietic Stem Cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It means poiesis, genesis/formation.

<p>Poietic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All blood cell in bone marrow later become committed stem cells for formation of RBC, WBC, and _____.

<p>Megakaryocte</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Nucleated -Formation of hemoglobin starts here

<p>Proerythroblast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immature RBC, with nucleus

<p>Reticulocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature RBC, no nucleus

<p>Erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When there is a nucleated RBC in a blood smear, it means there are many _____. It is abnormal, meaning _____ is fastened.

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It is a large cells, later on divided into fragments (platelet)

<p>Megakaryocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Needed for formation of hemoglobin.

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formation of red blood cells requires a hormone called:

<p>Erythropoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a substance secreted by the kidney cells/tissues in response to factors that decreases tissue oxygenation such as; low blood volume, anemia, poor blood flow, and any pulmonary disease that hinders intake of air.

<p>Erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Horse

<p>140-150 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Dog

<p>100-130 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Cat

<p>70-80 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Adult ruminants

<p>125-150 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Young ruminants

<p>50-100 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Pig

<p>51-79 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Requirement for Maturation of RBC.

<p>Vitamin 12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Chicken

<p>20-30 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life span of RBC of Ducks

<p>30-40 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Marked by having big RBC due to failure in maturation or failure of the cell membrane to fully develop.
  • Have fragile membrane upon diapedesis, they can rupture.

<p>Megaloblastic Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listed below are the Types of Anemia except:

<p>Micryocytic Hypochromic Anemia and Megaloblastic Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycrocytic = small RBC formed Hypochromic = deficiency in iron RBCs do not last

<p>Mycrocytic Hypochromic Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is due to incompatible blood type between maternal and fetal blood groups.

<p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Many sickle cell RBCs are formed due to abnormality in formation of hemoglobin.
  • Sensitive to low oxygen (hypoxia), may crystalize and form a spiny end that can puncture the membrane of RBC causing hemolysis/rupture.

<p>Sickle Cell Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Globulin formation
  • Counterpart of proerythroblast, starts the formation of hemoglobin

<p>Rubriblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immature RBC

<p>Basophilic erythrocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increase in reticulocytes

<p>Reticulocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decrease in tissue oxygenation

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in tissue oxygenation stimulates the _____ to release _____ hormone which triggers erythropoiesis.

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Erythropoietin is released by the kidney, specifically:

<p>JG cells (juxtaglomerular) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pernicious Anemia is due to:

<p>Vitamin 12 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Other substances needed for formation of RBC are listed below except;

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids.

<p>Kupffer cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ = human and in some lab animals

<p>Spleen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ = In most domestic mammals

<p>Red Bone Marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Composition of MPS (Mononuclear Phagocytic System)

<p>a. Kupffer cells b. Alveolar cells (lungs) c. Histiocytes (Liver) d. Microglia (Brain) e. Spleen/Bone marrow sinusoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ = In birds and in some species of animals

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the name of anemia that develops where there is deficiency of Vitamin B12.

<p>Pernicious Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the site where a red blood cell can be destroyed in birds.

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is formed from iron, and will be reused for the formation of Hgb.

<p>Heme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the animal that has the shortest lifespan.

<p>Chicken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is the structure in the red blood cell that carries oxygen.

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a polypeptide chain and will be released by the macrophage into the blood circulation to be reused.

<p>Globin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is responsible for the formation of bile)

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Red Blood Cells

These cells contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen to different parts of the body. They also have enzymes that help transport carbon dioxide.

Blood

The fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste products.

Mammalian Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells in mammals are typically shaped like flattened discs with a dip in the center, lack a nucleus, and can't move on their own.

Polycythemia

An increase in the number of red blood cells circulating in the blood.

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Anemia

A decrease in the number of red blood cells circulating in the blood.

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WBC:RBC Ratio

The ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells is approximately 1:7.

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Maturity of Red Blood Cells

The stage of development of the red blood cell.

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Hemopoietic Organs

Organs involved in the production of blood cells, except the pancreas.

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Yolk Sac in Blood Cell Production

The yolk sac is the primary site of blood cell production during embryonic development.

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Avians Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells in birds have a different shape, they are oval, have a nucleus, and are not motile.

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Liver as Blood Cell Production Site

The liver, along with the spleen and lymph nodes, is the main organ of blood cell production during the second trimester of gestation.

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Red Blood Cell Size

As red blood cells mature, they decrease in size.

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Bone Marrow as Blood Cell Production Site

The bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production in later gestation and after birth.

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Central Pallor

The central pallor is the lighter center of the red blood cell, resulting from the lack of hemoglobin in that area.

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Hemo

The term 'hemo' refers to blood.

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Pleuripotent Hemopoietic Stem Cell

The origin of all blood cells is the pleuripotent hemopoietic stem cell.

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Poietic

Poiesis refers to the process of genesis or formation.

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Committed Stem Cells

In the bone marrow, all blood cells eventually become committed stem cells for the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and megakaryocytes.

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Proerythroblast

The proerythroblast is a nucleated cell where the formation of hemoglobin begins.

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Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that still have a nucleus.

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Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are mature red blood cells that have lost their nucleus.

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Nucleated Red Blood Cells

The presence of nucleated red blood cells in a blood smear indicates an abnormal condition where maturation is delayed.

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Megakaryocyte

Megakaryocytes are large cells that later fragment into platelets.

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Iron in Hemoglobin Formation

Iron is an essential component for the formation of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen.

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Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, is vital for red blood cell formation.

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Erythropoietin Secretion

Erythropoietin is secreted by kidney cells in response to low tissue oxygen.

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Horse RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in horses is approximately 140-150 days.

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Dog RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in dogs is approximately 100-130 days.

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Cat RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in cats is approximately 70-80 days.

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Adult Ruminant RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in adult ruminants is approximately 125-150 days.

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Young Ruminant RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in young ruminants is approximately 50-100 days.

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Pig RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in pigs is approximately 51-79 days.

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RBC Maturation Requirements

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) are essential for the maturation of red blood cells.

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Chicken RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in chickens is approximately 20-30 days.

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Duck RBC Lifespan

The life span of red blood cells in ducks is approximately 30-40 days.

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Megaloblastic Anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by large red blood cells due to problems with maturation or cell membrane development.

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Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

This type of anemia is due to a deficiency in iron and small, pale red blood cells.

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Erythroblastosis Fetalis

This condition occurs when the maternal and fetal blood types are incompatible.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

This anemia results from an abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

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Rubriblast

The rubriblast is the precursor to the proerythroblast and starts the formation of hemoglobin.

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Basophilic Erythroblasts

Basophilic erythroblasts are immature red blood cells.

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Reticulocytosis

An increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood.

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Hypoxia

A decrease in oxygen levels in the tissues.

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Kidney Response to Hypoxia

Low tissue oxygenation stimulates the kidneys to release erythropoietin, triggering the production of red blood cells.

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Erythropoietin Production Site

The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) in the kidneys release erythropoietin.

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Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious Anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12.

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RBC Formation Requirements

Essential substances for red blood cell formation (except calcium).

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Kupffer Cells

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages found in the liver that remove worn-out red blood cells.

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Spleen

The spleen is an organ that plays a role in filtering blood and removing old red blood cells. It's also responsible for recycling iron from old red blood cells.

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