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Potassium (K+)

1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L

3.5 -5.0 mEq/L (correct)

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

Sodium (Na+):

135-145 mEq/L (correct)

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

3.5 -5.0 mEq/L

Calcium (Ca++)

3.5 -5.0 mEq/L

1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L

9.0-10.5 mg/dL (correct)

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL

Magnesium (Mg++)

1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L Signup and view all the answers

Phosphorus (PO4)

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

Blood PH

7.35-7.45 Signup and view all the answers

BUN

10-20 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an extracellular fluid compartment?

Intracellular compartment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for maintaining relatively constant conditions in fluid compartments of the body?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

50-60% Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with hypomagnesaemia?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?

Excessive use of magnesium-containing medications Signup and view all the answers

What electrolyte imbalance is usually found in metabolic acidosis?

Hyperchloremia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of continuous hypercalcemia?

Calcium deposits in the eyes and circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of deficient fluid volume?

Inadequate ADH production Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

1.014 - 1.018 Signup and view all the answers

What does serum creatinine level indicate?

Renal function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of fluid imbalance?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?

Requires a carrier protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

Sodium pump to move Na+ out of the cell into an area of higher concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

To treat the underlying cause of the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypernatremia?

Thirst Signup and view all the answers

What can hypernatremia lead to if not corrected?

Convulsions Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual treatment for hyponatremia?

Restriction of fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of hypertonic extracellular fluid deficit?

Abnormal fluid losses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is responsible for metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, storage and use of intracellular energy, and neural transmission?

Magnesium (Mg++) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is essential for normal membrane excitability, important for transmitting nerve impulses, and needed for protein synthesis and synthesis and breakdown of glycogen?

Potassium (K+) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Calcium (Ca++) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of severe fluid volume deficit?

Moist, edematous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the distribution of fluid in the body?

Infants have a higher percentage of total body water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What does osmolality control in the body?

Fluid balance in each body fluid compartment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Potassium (K+) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for sodium (Na+) in the body?

135-145 mEq/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

Increase carbon dioxide (CO2) levels Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

50-60% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Calcium (Ca++) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperchloremia?

Muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of therapy for hyponatremia?

Decrease water intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypernatremia?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of hyponatremia?

Excess fluid intake without sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of therapy for hypernatremia?

Oral or IV replacement of water to restore balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual treatment for hypotonic extracellular fluid deficit?

Restriction of fluids while the kidneys excrete excess water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperchloremia?

Muscle cramps Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cause of hypocalcemia?

Inadequate dietary intake of calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with hypomagnesemia?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual treatment for hyperkalemia?

Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexelate) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of hyperkalemia?

Irregular heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

Increase Paco2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of metabolic acidosis?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of deficient fluid volume?

Adequate ADH production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate statement about urine specific gravity?

A low urine specific gravity indicates deficient fluid volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic test for assessing renal function?

Serum albumin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with fluid imbalance?

Elevated blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of severe fluid volume deficit?

Pinched, drawn facial expression Signup and view all the answers

What does a changing urine output reflect?

Attempts by the kidneys to maintain or restore balance Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Calcium (Ca++) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

1.005-1.030 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main food for the brain?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of hypertonic extracellular fluid deficit?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which fluid and solutes move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, regulating fluid balance, and playing a role in blood pressure regulation?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition in which there is an excessive amount of fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment?

Fluid volume excess Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of electrolyte imbalances?

Excessive intake of electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of sodium (Na+)?

Acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary electrolyte in intracellular fluid?

Potassium (K+) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an electrolyte?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of water in the body?

Transporting nutrients and wastes Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is mainly found in the intracellular fluid and plays a critical role in the transmission of nerve impulses?

Potassium (K+) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is responsible for regulating osmotic pressure between fluid compartments and assisting in regulating acid-base balance?

Chloride (Cl-) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is concentrated in the bones and teeth and plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction and relaxation?

Calcium (Ca2+) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid and is vital to cellular function, metabolism, and neural transmission?

Magnesium (Mg2+) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tubular reabsorption in the kidneys?

To return most of the glomerular filtrate to the circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the sensation of thirst?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

To filter approximately 20% of the blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a carrier protein transports molecules through membranes toward an area of lower concentration?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

Transport of sodium out of the cell into the extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the movement of water across a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to refer to the concentration of a solution determined by the number of dissolved particles per kilogram of water?

Osmolality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic dehydration in older adults?

Reduced sense of taste Signup and view all the answers

What is the greatest loss of total body water in older adults?

Intracellular fluid compartment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to acute fluid deficits?

Trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily fluid intake for adult men according to the Institute of Medicine?

3 L/day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions has the potential to disrupt fluid balance?

Gastroenteritis Signup and view all the answers

What are some risk factors for fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

Taking diuretics Signup and view all the answers

What are some patient complaints that may be associated with fluid imbalances?

Fatigue and palpitations Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

Potassium (K+)

Sodium (Na+):

Calcium (Ca++)

Magnesium (Mg++)

Phosphorus (PO4)

Blood PH

BUN

Which of the following is NOT considered an extracellular fluid compartment?

Which of the following is responsible for maintaining relatively constant conditions in fluid compartments of the body?

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with hypomagnesaemia?

What is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?

What electrolyte imbalance is usually found in metabolic acidosis?

What is a potential consequence of continuous hypercalcemia?

Which of the following is a cause of deficient fluid volume?

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

What does serum creatinine level indicate?

Which of the following is a symptom of fluid imbalance?

Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Which of the following is a symptom of hypernatremia?

What can hypernatremia lead to if not corrected?

What is the usual treatment for hyponatremia?

What is the cause of hypertonic extracellular fluid deficit?

Which of the following is the primary electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

Which electrolyte is responsible for metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, storage and use of intracellular energy, and neural transmission?

Which electrolyte is essential for normal membrane excitability, important for transmitting nerve impulses, and needed for protein synthesis and synthesis and breakdown of glycogen?

Which electrolyte is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of severe fluid volume deficit?

Which of the following is true about the distribution of fluid in the body?

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

What does osmolality control in the body?

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

What is the normal range for sodium (Na+) in the body?

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperchloremia?

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

What is the major goal of therapy for hyponatremia?

Which of the following is a symptom of hypernatremia?

Which of the following is a cause of hyponatremia?

What is the major goal of therapy for hypernatremia?

What is the usual treatment for hypotonic extracellular fluid deficit?

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperchloremia?

What is the major cause of hypocalcemia?

Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with hypomagnesemia?

What is the usual treatment for hyperkalemia?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of hyperkalemia?

What is the major goal of therapy for respiratory alkalosis?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of metabolic acidosis?

What is the primary electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of deficient fluid volume?

Which of the following is an accurate statement about urine specific gravity?

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic test for assessing renal function?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with fluid imbalance?

Which of the following is a symptom of severe fluid volume deficit?

What does a changing urine output reflect?

Which electrolyte is responsible for promoting transmission of nerve impulses, helping regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and playing a role in clotting?

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

What is the main food for the brain?

What is the cause of hypertonic extracellular fluid deficit?

What is the term for the process by which fluid and solutes move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure?

Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, regulating fluid balance, and playing a role in blood pressure regulation?

What is the term for the condition in which there is an excessive amount of fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of electrolyte imbalances?

Which of the following is NOT a function of sodium (Na+)?

What is the primary electrolyte in intracellular fluid?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an electrolyte?

What is the main role of water in the body?

Which electrolyte is mainly found in the intracellular fluid and plays a critical role in the transmission of nerve impulses?

Which electrolyte is responsible for regulating osmotic pressure between fluid compartments and assisting in regulating acid-base balance?

Which electrolyte is concentrated in the bones and teeth and plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction and relaxation?

Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid and is vital to cellular function, metabolism, and neural transmission?

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands?