psych 1200 chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Consiousness

is it an illusion?

are there neural correlates?

are certain structure important?

is the brain operating in its entirety?

questions about consciousness

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

light entrainment

<p>change in the background environment detected by ganglion cells in the environment = step 1 signals connected to brain via optic nerve to optic chasm = step 2 supra chismatic nucleus receives info informing the pineal gland = step 3 relation is released and accumulates = step 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

when external ques and biological rhythms sync up, signalling brain to sleep

<p>entrainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

free running biological rhythms the body generates which act independently

<p>endogenous rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

rest and restore hypothesis

<p>sleep restores energy allowing for body to recuperate after being awake</p> Signup and view all the answers

reserve and protect hypothesis

<p>the body using sleep to preserve energy and protecting and individual from harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

steps of sleep

<p>wakefulness = beta and alpha waves stage 1 = theta waves are present, heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure decrease stage 2 = mostly theta waves, using sleep spindles, becoming less responsive to external cues stage 3-4 = delta waves, brain activity slows making it difficult to sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

REM sleep

<p>90 minute sleep cycle, 1,2,3,4,REM, repeat known as rapid eye movement associated with dreaming and vivid dreams the brain will look awake but it actually asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

how does sleep change over ones life time?

<p>sleep lessens as one ages with REM sleep decreasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

how does sleep affect learning ?

<p>REM sleep will facilitate learning, where late REM sleep locks in learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

slow wave sleep

<p>important for autobiographical memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

patterns of what occurred during the day are replayed during sleep

<p>neuro replay</p> Signup and view all the answers

sleep deprivation

<p>irritably, emotional, attention, and vigilance deficits normal energy will occur while occupied and when brain is unstimulated or sitting down people will being to feel tired reading and studying will be impossible after 2-3 days micro sleeps may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is sleep displacement

<p>when an individual is prevented form sleeping at normal times ie; jet lag, day light savings</p> Signup and view all the answers

what does sleep hygiene do

<p>trains brain and body for sleep should make bedroom primarily for sleeping, put phone and work away and getting into proper sleep routine</p> Signup and view all the answers

sigmund freud say dreaming as...

<p>unconscious expressions of wishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

symbolic meanings of dreams built form suppressed urges

<p>latent content</p> Signup and view all the answers

images and story lines people dream about

<p>manifest functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

this theory suggests dreams arise from brain activity orginating from bursts of exicitory messages from the brain stem where the brain stem will become more active while sleeping and will signal the cortex

<p>activation synthesis hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

this theory suggests thoughts and concerns from wake to sleep, where dreams may function to facilitate finding a solution to problems

<p>problem solving theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

remembering dreams

<p>will tend to remember ones which are memorable or important to us</p> Signup and view all the answers

difficulty falling asleep

<p>onset insomina</p> Signup and view all the answers

difficulty returning to sleep

<p>maintenance insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

waking to early

<p>terminal insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

difficulty sleeping do to internal sources such as anxiety and worrying

<p>primary insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

difficulty falling asleep as a result of disorders, such as drug use or pain

<p>secondary insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

vivid disturbing dreams occurring during REM sleep

<p>night mares</p> Signup and view all the answers

intense bouts of panic and arousal waking an individual, occurring durning NREM sleep which are common during times of stress

<p>nightterrors</p> Signup and view all the answers

sleep movement disorders

<p>movement which can cause difficulty falling or staying asleep = sleep movement disorders restless leg syndrome = persistent discomfort in legs with the urge to constantly move them REM behaviour disorders = acting out dreams in order to inhibit motor skills somnambulism = known as sleep walking, where people preform daily activities while asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

the inability to breath during sleep, gasping and then falling back to sleep without waking

<p>sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

extreme day time sleepiness and sleep attacks, going immediately into REM sleep

<p>narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions

<p>hypnosis = inducing a state of suggestibility, which is not a distinct state of consciousness indemotor = actions being preformed challenge = actions not being preformed cognitive and perceptual = prompting remembering, forgetting and alterations of perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

the theory that saints hypnosis as a weird state where consciousness is divided

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theory that places emphasis on the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

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what can hypnosis help with

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recitations form correct tasks to unrelated trains of thoughts

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the pattern of Brian activity associated with self reflection, introspection, autobiographical memories and future thoughts

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diagnosing consciousness, Glasgow coma scale

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disorders of consciousness

<p>brain death = when the brain stem no longer functions coma = complete loss of consciousness persistent vegetative states = state of minimal to no consciousness least extreme- loss of normal consciousness = most extreme- brain death</p> Signup and view all the answers

state of consciousness where some behaviours can suggest partial consciousness

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when a patient is aware of what is going on but they are unable to move so they appear unconscious

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Drugs and neural communications

<p>short term effects = effect the brain, enhancing or mimicking effects, blocking and impairing them synthesis = creating and effective facilitation storage = affect how they are packed and where they are stored in vesicles, which don't allow for proper release release = prevention vesicles from fusing and releasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

drugs and neural communications

<p>receptor interactions = drugs clogging receptors, which prevent neurotransmitter action, or when agonist drugs have similar shape and can activate receptors in activation = preventing enzymes form breaking down allowing for them to float around and bind to other neuortransmitters re-uptake = prevents facilitation of drugs and effect of neurotransmitters transmitters degradation = affects enzymes breaking down in the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

which area of the brain is greatly affected by drugs, where the prime activation occurs and where people engage in rewarding behaviours

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long terms affects of drugs

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when reported drug use, results in a lesser affect causing a person to use a larger does ignorer to get the same effect

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biological changes in the body which prevent to removal of drugs from the body

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interaction and communication of drug with neurons, then being released

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when binding occurs causing action potential

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when the need to take a drug in order to ward off unpleasant physical withdraw

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when experience and beliefs enhance the affects of a drug and how context can lead to more over doses

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drugs that speed up the nervous system typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

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increased energy and lowered inhibitions

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examples of stimulants

<p>dopamine = experience of reward with highs and lows serotonin = an increase of energy and euphoria norepinephrine = genrares arousal levels and increases energy these are examples of = stimulates causing a feeling of euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

neglected hygiene and drug cocktails often including ingredients like hydrochloric acid and farm fertilizers

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structural abnormalities in the cells of frontal lobes and users will develop difficulties ignoring irreverent thoughts

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showing a person a image and asking them to say the colour of the word and not the actual word ie; word pink in blue and them responding with blue

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produce perceptual disortations

  • feelings of euphoria, fear, panic and paranoia
  • tolerance will develop slowly
  • low dependence risk
  • example; LSD, ketamine,

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drugs that reduce pain and induce intense feelings of euphoria

  • intense euphoria causing pain relief
  • stimulates endorphin receptors
  • tolerance developed quickly
  • high risk of dependency
  • examples; morphrine, heroine, fentanyl

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drug used to treat over doses

  • acts of endogenous pain relieving neurotransmitters
  • bond to endorphins and block the sight that allows for the binding of psychoactive effects
  • a drug that blocks endorphins receptor cites to negate the effects of opiates

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drugs that depress activities in the central nervous system

  • drowsiness in relation to sleep
  • increase GABA activity
  • tolerance develops quickly
  • high risk of dependence
  • ie; xanax and valium

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act on GABA, making it easy to inhibit brain functions

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Increase GABA but not to the point of shutting down the hind brain

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-most common drug

  • euphoria, retaliation, lowered inhibitions
  • increases GABA activity, stimulating endorphrines and dopamine receptors
  • tolerance developed gradually
  • moderate to high risk of dependence

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a narrow focus on cues related to a persons current desires and impulse while ignoring everything else

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drug made from the leaves and buds if cannabis plant

  • produces euphoria, relaxation, disoriented sensory experiences and paranoia

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drugs that mimic brain chemicals in valves in sleep and memory binding to cannabinoid receptors

  • tolerance develops slowly
  • low dependency risk
  • stimulates hunger and reduces pain

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Marijuana impress memory, executive functions and motor coordination

  • worse decision making and attention
  • alters brain activity where the distribution of cannabinoid receptors correspond with cognitive deficits

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

the risk of marijuana use declines as people get into there 20s

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

affects of marijuana are less prominent for young people

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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