psych 1200 chapter 5

72 Questions

a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Consiousness

is it an illusion?

are there neural correlates?

are certain structure important?

is the brain operating in its entirety?

questions about consciousness

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

light entrainment

change in the background environment detected by ganglion cells in the environment = step 1 signals connected to brain via optic nerve to optic chasm = step 2 supra chismatic nucleus receives info informing the pineal gland = step 3 relation is released and accumulates = step 4

when external ques and biological rhythms sync up, signalling brain to sleep

entrainment

free running biological rhythms the body generates which act independently

endogenous rhythms

rest and restore hypothesis

sleep restores energy allowing for body to recuperate after being awake

reserve and protect hypothesis

the body using sleep to preserve energy and protecting and individual from harm

steps of sleep

wakefulness = beta and alpha waves stage 1 = theta waves are present, heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure decrease stage 2 = mostly theta waves, using sleep spindles, becoming less responsive to external cues stage 3-4 = delta waves, brain activity slows making it difficult to sleep

REM sleep

90 minute sleep cycle, 1,2,3,4,REM, repeat known as rapid eye movement associated with dreaming and vivid dreams the brain will look awake but it actually asleep

how does sleep change over ones life time?

sleep lessens as one ages with REM sleep decreasing

how does sleep affect learning ?

REM sleep will facilitate learning, where late REM sleep locks in learning

slow wave sleep

important for autobiographical memories

patterns of what occurred during the day are replayed during sleep

neuro replay

sleep deprivation

irritably, emotional, attention, and vigilance deficits normal energy will occur while occupied and when brain is unstimulated or sitting down people will being to feel tired reading and studying will be impossible after 2-3 days micro sleeps may occur

what is sleep displacement

when an individual is prevented form sleeping at normal times ie; jet lag, day light savings

what does sleep hygiene do

trains brain and body for sleep should make bedroom primarily for sleeping, put phone and work away and getting into proper sleep routine

sigmund freud say dreaming as...

unconscious expressions of wishes

symbolic meanings of dreams built form suppressed urges

latent content

images and story lines people dream about

manifest functions

this theory suggests dreams arise from brain activity orginating from bursts of exicitory messages from the brain stem where the brain stem will become more active while sleeping and will signal the cortex

activation synthesis hypothesis

this theory suggests thoughts and concerns from wake to sleep, where dreams may function to facilitate finding a solution to problems

problem solving theory

remembering dreams

will tend to remember ones which are memorable or important to us

difficulty falling asleep

onset insomina

difficulty returning to sleep

maintenance insomnia

waking to early

terminal insomnia

difficulty sleeping do to internal sources such as anxiety and worrying

primary insomnia

difficulty falling asleep as a result of disorders, such as drug use or pain

secondary insomnia

vivid disturbing dreams occurring during REM sleep

night mares

intense bouts of panic and arousal waking an individual, occurring durning NREM sleep which are common during times of stress

nightterrors

sleep movement disorders

movement which can cause difficulty falling or staying asleep = sleep movement disorders restless leg syndrome = persistent discomfort in legs with the urge to constantly move them REM behaviour disorders = acting out dreams in order to inhibit motor skills somnambulism = known as sleep walking, where people preform daily activities while asleep

the inability to breath during sleep, gasping and then falling back to sleep without waking

sleep apnea

extreme day time sleepiness and sleep attacks, going immediately into REM sleep

narcolepsy

hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions

hypnosis = inducing a state of suggestibility, which is not a distinct state of consciousness indemotor = actions being preformed challenge = actions not being preformed cognitive and perceptual = prompting remembering, forgetting and alterations of perceptions

the theory that saints hypnosis as a weird state where consciousness is divided

theory that places emphasis on the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

what can hypnosis help with

recitations form correct tasks to unrelated trains of thoughts

the pattern of Brian activity associated with self reflection, introspection, autobiographical memories and future thoughts

diagnosing consciousness, Glasgow coma scale

disorders of consciousness

brain death = when the brain stem no longer functions coma = complete loss of consciousness persistent vegetative states = state of minimal to no consciousness least extreme- loss of normal consciousness = most extreme- brain death

state of consciousness where some behaviours can suggest partial consciousness

when a patient is aware of what is going on but they are unable to move so they appear unconscious

Drugs and neural communications

short term effects = effect the brain, enhancing or mimicking effects, blocking and impairing them synthesis = creating and effective facilitation storage = affect how they are packed and where they are stored in vesicles, which don't allow for proper release release = prevention vesicles from fusing and releasing

drugs and neural communications

receptor interactions = drugs clogging receptors, which prevent neurotransmitter action, or when agonist drugs have similar shape and can activate receptors in activation = preventing enzymes form breaking down allowing for them to float around and bind to other neuortransmitters re-uptake = prevents facilitation of drugs and effect of neurotransmitters transmitters degradation = affects enzymes breaking down in the neuron

which area of the brain is greatly affected by drugs, where the prime activation occurs and where people engage in rewarding behaviours

long terms affects of drugs

when reported drug use, results in a lesser affect causing a person to use a larger does ignorer to get the same effect

biological changes in the body which prevent to removal of drugs from the body

interaction and communication of drug with neurons, then being released

when binding occurs causing action potential

when the need to take a drug in order to ward off unpleasant physical withdraw

when experience and beliefs enhance the affects of a drug and how context can lead to more over doses

drugs that speed up the nervous system typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

increased energy and lowered inhibitions

examples of stimulants

dopamine = experience of reward with highs and lows serotonin = an increase of energy and euphoria norepinephrine = genrares arousal levels and increases energy these are examples of = stimulates causing a feeling of euphoria

neglected hygiene and drug cocktails often including ingredients like hydrochloric acid and farm fertilizers

structural abnormalities in the cells of frontal lobes and users will develop difficulties ignoring irreverent thoughts

showing a person a image and asking them to say the colour of the word and not the actual word ie; word pink in blue and them responding with blue

produce perceptual disortations

feelings of euphoria, fear, panic and paranoia

tolerance will develop slowly

low dependence risk

example; LSD, ketamine,

drugs that reduce pain and induce intense feelings of euphoria

intense euphoria causing pain relief

stimulates endorphin receptors

tolerance developed quickly

high risk of dependency

examples; morphrine, heroine, fentanyl

drug used to treat over doses

acts of endogenous pain relieving neurotransmitters

bond to endorphins and block the sight that allows for the binding of psychoactive effects

a drug that blocks endorphins receptor cites to negate the effects of opiates

drugs that depress activities in the central nervous system

drowsiness in relation to sleep

increase GABA activity

tolerance develops quickly

high risk of dependence

ie; xanax and valium

act on GABA, making it easy to inhibit brain functions

Increase GABA but not to the point of shutting down the hind brain

-most common drug

euphoria, retaliation, lowered inhibitions

increases GABA activity, stimulating endorphrines and dopamine receptors

tolerance developed gradually

moderate to high risk of dependence

a narrow focus on cues related to a persons current desires and impulse while ignoring everything else

drug made from the leaves and buds if cannabis plant

produces euphoria, relaxation, disoriented sensory experiences and paranoia

drugs that mimic brain chemicals in valves in sleep and memory binding to cannabinoid receptors

tolerance develops slowly

low dependency risk

stimulates hunger and reduces pain

Marijuana impress memory, executive functions and motor coordination

worse decision making and attention

alters brain activity where the distribution of cannabinoid receptors correspond with cognitive deficits

True

the risk of marijuana use declines as people get into there 20s