173 Questions
what is sociology
the systematic study of human society
what does sociology look at
all of the above
what is society
people who live in a defined territory and share a culture
how does society influence our everyday lives
through food, clothing, schooling, and jobs, often personal decisions are shaped by society
in 1877 Emile Durkheim came up with the idea that suicide is
shaped by social forces
what is an outsider
someone not part of the dominate category
______ _____________ helps people to understand their society and the affects on their own lives
global perspective
the study of the larger world and society's place in it
high income countries
nations with the highest standards of living
middle income countries
nations with an average standard of living
low income countries
nations with the lowest standard of living
what brought about social change and sociology
the rise of factory based economy city growth new political idea
Thomas Hobbes thought that society reflected not the perfection of go but the failings of human nature
True
studying the physical world to study society
scientific stage
scientific approach to knowledge based on facts oppressed to speculation
positivism
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
theory
relative stable pattern of social behaviour
social structure
social functions
consequences for operation of society as a whole
manifest functions
recognized and intended consequences of social pattern
unrecognized and unintended consequences of social pattern
latent functions
any pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
social dysfunction
the support of social equality for men and women in opposition to the patriarchy and sexism
feminism
race conflict theory
the study of inequality and conflict between people of different races and ethnicity
what two approaches make up the symbolic interaction approach
structural functional approach & social conflict approach
macro level orientation
a broad focus on society
micro level orientation
close up focus on social interaction
a frame work to build theory that seeing society as a product of everyday interactions or individuals
symbolic interaction approach
who emphasized understanding particular settings from he point of view of the people in it
max weber
George Herbert meed thought
personality's are shaped by social experience
erving Hoffmanns t3erm fro how we are all actors playing out rolls
dramaturgical analysis
who proposed the idea that are interactions are based on what we gain or lose
George homas & Peter blau
the idea that humans generate knowledge from experience and not from objectivity
social construction theory of knowledge
sociology is based off three components positivist, critical
interpretive
the study of society based on scientific observation of behaviour
positivist
logical system that develops from direct systematic operation
science
information that can be verified through the senses
empiric al evidence
procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
measurement
mental construct representing part of the world in a specific way
concept
specifying what is to be measured before assigning value to a variable
operationalize a variable
reliability
consistency in measurement
validity
measuring exactly what's intended to be measured
relationships where 2 or more variable change together
correlation
if one variable changes the other will change as well
cause and effect
independent variable
the variable that causes change
dependent variable
the variable that changes
apparent but fake relationship between 2 or mare variables caused by another variable
spurious correlation
objectivity
personal neutrality in conducting research
study of society that focuses on discovering meanings people attach to the social world
interpretative sociology
how does the importance of meaning differ from positivist sociology
focuses on the understanding of actions and surroundings focuses on action reality is subjective and constructed by people objective reality exists
critical sociology
the study of sociology that focuses on social change
perceived traits and social positions that are attached as male or female
gender
disclosing all research findings without omitting data and making the results available to those who participated is an example of
ethics
systematic plan for doing research
research method
method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
experiment
hypothesis
statement for the possible relationship between 2 or more variables
survey
series of statements, questions or interviews
sample
smaller number of subjects used to represent the entire population
research method that observes people while the researcher joins them in their routine of activities
participant observation
don't introduce observer to community but act as source of info and help
key informants
simplified description applied to every person in a category
stereotype
generalization
not carelessly applying to everyone In a category
the ways of thinking, acting and material objects that form peoples ways of life
culture
nonmaterial culture
ideas created by members of a society
material culture
physical things created by members of a culture
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
culture shock
biological programming humans have no controls over
instinct
culturally defined standards and guidelines for living
values
ideas people hold to be true
beliefs
the act of judging another culture by the standard of ones own
ethnocentrism
the practice of judging one culture by its own standards
cultural relativism
anything that carriers a particular meaning reorganized by people who share a culture
symbols
a system of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another
language
cultural tranmission
the process by which one generation passed culture onto the next
the idea people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
Sapir-Whorf thesis
culturally defined standards people use to decide what is desirable, good, beautiful and serve a broad guideline for social living
values
rules and expectations by which society guides the behaviours of its members
norms
norms widely observed and have great moral significance
mores
norms for routine or casual interaction
folkways
system of rules recognized and enforced by governing institutions
laws
social control
attempt by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviour
technology
knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
hunting and gathering
horticulture
the use of hand tools to raise crops
pastoralism
the domestication of animals
large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or powered energy sources
agriculture
industry
production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
post industrial
production of information using computer technology
high culture
cultural patterns that distinguish society elite
popular culture
cultural patterns widespread among a societys population
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of o societies population
sub culture
perspective recognizing cultural diversity of Canada and promoting equal understanding for all cultural traditions
multiculturalism
eurocentrism
the domination of European cultural patterns
counter culture
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted by society
cultural lag
some cultural elements change more quickly that others, disrupting the cultural system
how culture helps us make sense of ourselves and the surrounding world
theoretical analysis of culture
meeting human needs, considers values at the centre of culture that direct our lives and give meaning to life
functions of culture
cultural universals
traits part of every known culture
inequality and culture
how some parts of culture help some but at the expense of others
gender is critical dimension of social inequality according to feminists
feminist theory
life long social experiences by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
socialization
personality
a persons fairly consistent patterns of acting and thinking
theory developed by John B. Watson, that behaviour is not instinctual but learned
behaviourism
being cut off from society
social isolation
id
human beings basic drives
a persons conscious effort to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
ego
cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
superego
level of human develop at which individuals experience the world through senses
sensorimotor stage
the level of human development at which individual first use language and other symbols
pre-operational stage
when individuals first see casual interactions in their surroundings
concrete operational stage
where individuals think abstractly and critically
formal operational
George Herbert meeds term for how social behaviourism to explain how social experience develops on individuals personality
self
Cooley terms for a self image based on how we think others see us
looking glass self
significant others
people, parents who have special importance for socialization
widespread cultural norms and values we use in reference to evaluate ourself
generalized other
peer group
a social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common
learning that helps a person achieve a desired postion
anticipatory socialization
mass media
means for transmitting information from a single source to a vast number of people
social media
media that allows people to communicate with one and other
gerontology
the study of aging and the elderly
form of social organization in which elderly have more wealth, power and prestige
gerontocracy
ageism
prejudice and discrimination on the basis of age
setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society by administrative staff
total insolation
resocialization
radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment
the process in which people act and react to others
social interaction
social postions
define us and how to treat us
ascribe status
given at birth
achieved status
voluntarily taken on and reflects a persons ability and effort
social position that a person holds
status
status set
all the status a person hold as a time
a status that has special importance for social identity and often shapes a person's entire life
master status
behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status
role
roles set
the number of roles attached to a single status
conflict among rolls connected to 2 or more statuses
role conflict
role strain
tension among all the roles attached to a status
role exit
the process In which people disengage from important social roles
the process in which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
social construction of reality
W.I Thomas theory for situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences
Thomas theorem
ethnomethodology
the study of how people make sense of their everyday surroundings
the process of communicating using body movements, gestures and social experience rather than speech
nonverbal communication
surrounding space in which one makes some claim to
personal space
tact can help to reduce embarrassment in social situations
tact and embarrassment
suppressed to induced feeling produced by an employee in accordance with rules of an organization
emotional labour
social groups
two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
primary group
a small group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
secondary groups
large impersonal groups whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
instrumental leadership
group leadership that focuses on its members well beings
expressive leadership
focus on instrumental concern, taking personal charge of decision making and demands the obeying of others
authoritarian leaderships
includes all in the decision making process
democratic leadership
laissez- paire leasership
group functions more on its own
group conformity
provides a feeling of belonging
group think
the tendency of group members to confirm, resulting in a narrow vie of issues
reference groups
groups that act as reference for decision making and emotion
reference group
point of reference when making decisions and in emotions
in group
a group which a member feels a sense of respect and loyalty
out group
a group in which one feels a sense of competition or opposition with
group size
acts as an important role in how members of a group interact
dyad
a social group of two members
triad
a social group of 3 or more members
web of weak social ties
networks
formal organizations
large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiency
behaviour, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation
traditions
a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate matter of fact calculation of the most efficient ways possible to complete a task
rationality
rationalization of society
historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought
an organizational model designed to preform tasks efficiently
bureaucracy
organizational environment
factors outside an organization that affect its operations
the ability to dehumanize the people its supposed to serve
bureaucratic alienation
failure of a formal organization to carry out work, existing to preform
inefficiency
a focus on rules and regulations to the point go undermining an organizations goals
bureaucratic ritualism
the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
bureaucratic inertia
the rule of many by the few
oligarchy
application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization
Scientific management
organizational principles that underlie McDonalds are coming to dominate our entire society
mcdonaldization of society
Test your knowledge of sociology and society with this quiz. Explore the concepts of society, the influence of society on daily life, the outsider theory, and the pioneering work of Emile Durkheim in understanding suicide.
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