Attention

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What is attention?

recall of facts, procedures, and past & future events; ability to acquire and store information.

The ability to actively process and focus on specific information in the environment while tuning out other details. (correct)

knowing where, when, & who you are, as well as why you’re there

finding solutions to obstacles; understanding the components of a problem, breaking down or reframing problems, gathering resources to solve them, identifying optimal solutions

Attention is always defined in relation to a stimulus. What are those two stimuli?

Auditory

Tactile

External (correct)

Internal (correct)

These stimuli originate from the environment. List 3 examples.

Sounds, lights, smells

These stimuli originate from within the individual. List 3 examples

Creating mental grocery lists, thinking about what to make for dinner, mental math Signup and view all the answers

What are the five modalities or types of external stimuli?

Visual Auditory Tactile Olfactory Gustatory Signup and view all the answers

This theory hypothesizes that we flexibly allocate resources from a single cognitive pool of resources to various tasks.

Resource allocation theory Signup and view all the answers

The human system can only process a limited number of stimuli at once. What is this called?

Capacity limitation Signup and view all the answers

Selecting relevant stimuli while filtering out irrelevant stimuli is known as what?

Selection Signup and view all the answers

The challenge of attending to a target talker in a complex acoustic environment. Is known as what?

Cocktail party problem Signup and view all the answers

In this theory irrelevant stimuli are filtered out early on.

Early filter theory Signup and view all the answers

In this theory irrelevant stimuli are attenuated but still monitored.

Filter attenuation model Signup and view all the answers

In this theory selection of target stimuli occurs later.

Late filter theory Signup and view all the answers

In this theory an object in one area of the visual field receives enhanced processing.

Spotlight theory Signup and view all the answers

This theory say that in order to attend to people/things, we must first use the sensory information available to form perceptual “objects”

Object formation Signup and view all the answers

This model hypothesizes that resources must be sequentially – not simultaneously – allocated to various tasks.

Central bottleneck model Signup and view all the answers

This type of processing is not impacted by capacity limitation and requires no control from the individual. It is fast and effortless.

Automatic processing Signup and view all the answers

This type of processing is subject to the capacity of limitations. It is slow and effortful.

Controlled processing Signup and view all the answers

This type of attention is almost always time dependent, driven by the source of the stimulus

Auditory Signup and view all the answers

Match the subtype to its description.

Focus = the ability to select target stimuli from an array Sustain = the ability to maintain focus on selected stimuli, as well as to alertness Shift = the ability to flexibly adapt attentive focus Attention for action = the process by which we connect stimuli (input) with a response to that stimuli (output) Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of executive control to its description

Selective attention = ability to maintain attention to a target stimulus in the presence of distractors Alternating attention = : the ability to shift focus between tasks, stimuli, or response sets ("mental flexibility") Suppression = the ability to control impulsive responding or "thinking before acting" Working memory = the ability to hold and manipulate information in mind (e.g., doing math in your head) Signup and view all the answers

Match the attention subtype to its description.

Focused = fundamental, low-level ability to orient and respond to specific stimuli in any modality Sustained = ability to maintain attention during continuous and repetitive activities; attending to a single set of stimuli for a period of time Selective = ability to sustain attention to a target stimulus in the presence of distractions Divided = ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental, low-level ability to orient and respond to specific stimuli in any modality.

Focused attention Signup and view all the answers

The ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously

Divided attention Signup and view all the answers

The ability to sustain attention to a target stimulus in the presence of distractions.

Selective attention Signup and view all the answers

The ability to shift focus between tasks, stimuli, or response sets ("mental flexibility").

Alternating attention Signup and view all the answers

The ability to maintain attention during continuous and repetitive activities/attending to a single set of stimuli for a period of time.

Sustained attention Signup and view all the answers

The ability to control impulsive responding or "thinking before acting".

Suppression Signup and view all the answers

The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind (e.g., doing math in your head).

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

Patients with aphasia may have difficulty allocating attention to different tasks or maintaining consistent attention over time

True Signup and view all the answers

Name and describe 3 approaches to treatment of attention

Direct training: The use of decontextualized tasks to train attention in a specific context Training in specific skills: Training attention in the context of everyday activities Compensatory: Environmental modifications, self-management strategies, external aids to help the patient/caregiver compensate for the attention deficit Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of validity to its descripition.

<h1>Test validity = the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Construct validity = Are the results of the test a reflection of what it claims to assess? Ecological validity = Does performance on a test of a given skill reflect the way the person is able to apply that skill in a functional, real-world context?</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match the assessment measure to its description.

Test of everyday attention (TEA) = Involves eight subtests assessing different types of visual and auditory attention Attention Process Training Test = Highly structured assessment of the types of attention identified in the original model (five levels of visual and audio-recorded stimuli) Digit span = second while the test-taker listens. The test-taker repeats the digits in either forward or backward order Brief Test of Attention (BTA) = Test of auditory divided attention; Involves listening for and counting letters/numbers Signup and view all the answers

Match the assessment measure to its description.

Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) = Involves matching symbols to digits Is mostly nonverbal but involves visual scanning abilities Paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) = A series of random digits (usually 50 or 60) are presented auditorily to the test-taker. Each time a digit is presented the test-taker is expected to add that digit to the previous digit and provide the response. Conners Continuous Performance Test = Involves responding to everything except a specified target Several indices of performance, including attentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention, and consistency of response time. Clinician completed rating scale = may also be used and may provide higher ecological validity than decontextualized patient-completed tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Attention

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Questions and Answers

What is attention?

Attention is always defined in relation to a stimulus. What are those two stimuli?

These stimuli originate from the environment. List 3 examples.

These stimuli originate from within the individual. List 3 examples

What are the five modalities or types of external stimuli?

This theory hypothesizes that we flexibly allocate resources from a single cognitive pool of resources to various tasks.

The human system can only process a limited number of stimuli at once. What is this called?

Selecting relevant stimuli while filtering out irrelevant stimuli is known as what?

The challenge of attending to a target talker in a complex acoustic environment. Is known as what?

In this theory irrelevant stimuli are filtered out early on.

In this theory irrelevant stimuli are attenuated but still monitored.

In this theory selection of target stimuli occurs later.

In this theory an object in one area of the visual field receives enhanced processing.

This theory say that in order to attend to people/things, we must first use the sensory information available to form perceptual “objects”

This model hypothesizes that resources must be sequentially – not simultaneously – allocated to various tasks.

This type of processing is not impacted by capacity limitation and requires no control from the individual. It is fast and effortless.

This type of processing is subject to the capacity of limitations. It is slow and effortful.

This type of attention is almost always time dependent, driven by the source of the stimulus

Match the subtype to its description.

Match the component of executive control to its description

Match the attention subtype to its description.

The fundamental, low-level ability to orient and respond to specific stimuli in any modality.

The ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously

The ability to sustain attention to a target stimulus in the presence of distractions.

The ability to shift focus between tasks, stimuli, or response sets ("mental flexibility").

The ability to maintain attention during continuous and repetitive activities/attending to a single set of stimuli for a period of time.

The ability to control impulsive responding or "thinking before acting".

The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind (e.g., doing math in your head).

Patients with aphasia may have difficulty allocating attention to different tasks or maintaining consistent attention over time

Name and describe 3 approaches to treatment of attention

Match the type of validity to its descripition.

Match the assessment measure to its description.

Match the assessment measure to its description.

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