PBL 1

Humerus, Ulna, and radius

The medial epicondyle is closer to the midline of the elbow- the inside of the elbow The lateral epicondyle is the outermost point of the elbow - the outside of the elbow

The radius is the top bone facing palm up and is nearest to the thumb.

The ulna is the bottom-most bone facing palm up. It is closer to the pinky side (opposite of thumb)

the bending and straightening motion is similar to a hinge. The radius rotates as you turn your hand palm up and palm down while sliding against the head of the humerus.

Humeroulnar joint is located between the humerus and ulna Humeroradial joint- between the humorous and the radius Proximal radioulnar joint- between the radius and the ulna (in the proximal part of the forearm)

Allows for flexion and extension of the arm

allows for flexion, extension, supination (rotation of forearm so palm faces forward), and pronation (rotation of forearm so palm faces backward)

allows for pronation and supination (think of rotations)

some examples include biceps (flexors), triceps (extensors)

Radial, ulnar, median nerve

material that covers the ends of the bones of any joint. It is slippery which allows the joint surfaces to glide on one another without damage.

The joint capsule is a watertight sac that surrounds a joint and contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement. They are made by ligaments connected together with a thin layer of connective tissue

Bed with force

Straighten with force

travels along the front crease of the elbow. It splits into two arteries (radial and ulnar) after the crease and continues into the hand.

Brachial artery

fibroblast cells and collagen fibres

resident cells which maintain Extracellular matrix (ECM) and synthesise collagen

collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

Cells that synthesise collagen and other ECM components

Inflammation of and small tears in common flexor tendon, which connects the medial epicondyle to the wrist flexor pronator muscles of the forearm. Symptoms: pain on inner side of elbow, weak grip (pain when gripping objects), weak wrist (which worsens with repetitive stress )

Inflammation of and tears of the extensor carpi Radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. Symptoms: pain on outside of elbow, weak grip (worsens with repetitive wrist extension) Causes: overuse of forearm extensor muscles and tendons, poor technique in sports, ageing, Treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, surgery

Medial epicondylitis - inner most side of elbow Lateral epicondylitis - outermost side of elbow

The study of microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues

the most essential organic molecules which are involved in maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms

They connect different parts of the anatomy. Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to other bones.

They contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts which are specialised cells that can swiftly remodel and repair bone tissue

They receive up to 10% of cardiac output. This strong blood supply allows for speedier transportation of nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells to the wounded sites, essential for quicker healing.

Anywhere from 2 weeks- 12+months depending on severity. depends on if its an acute problem or more severe

Pain from innermost part of elbow. wrist pain elbow stifness hand and wrist weakness tingling sensation or numbness in fingers inflammation and swelling

Cubitus

Biceps tendon (biceps to radius) Triceps tendon (triceps to ulna), common flexor tendon (where flexor pronator muscles of forearm attach), common extensor tendon (where extensor muscles of the forearm attach)

medial collateral ligament (inner side of the elbow) lateral collateral ligament (outside of the elbow), annular ligament (encircles the head of radius), ulnar collateral ligament (innserside of elbow)

Tightly packed collagen fibres and tenocytes

Limited blood supply which is essential for healing. too much mechanical stress from daily movements and from transferring forces between muscles and bones. collagen fibres are tightly packed which can hinder the movement of cells and nutrients, ageing (higher age = slower healing), preexisting health conditions associated with injured tendons. slower production of collagen and other ECM components needed for healing.

Can impair the function of tendons

To connect muscle to bone, transfer muscle generated force to the bone which facilitates movement around a joint

It is dense connective tissue with bundles of collagen and fibroblast cells

Helps remove damaged tissue and initiate the repair process.

its specific for joints. A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fibre-optic video camera through a small incision

Constant bending of the nerves as (for example, the elbow bends) causing irritation or pressure on the nerves resulting in pain/numbness/weakness.

Star shaped appearance with cytoplasmic extensions creating wedges between neighbouring collagen bundles. This allows for transport of newly synthesised collagen to specific locations.

thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire tendon to provide protective covering.

Fine layer of connective tissue that wraps each collagen bundle. Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Epimysium, paramyceium, endomysium