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What are the bones of the elbow?

Humerus, Ulna, and radius

What is the difference between the medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle?

The medial epicondyle is closer to the midline of the elbow- the inside of the elbow The lateral epicondyle is the outermost point of the elbow - the outside of the elbow

Where is the radius located in relation to the palm? R before U

The radius is the top bone facing palm up and is nearest to the thumb.

Where is the ulna located in relation to the palm? R before U

The ulna is the bottom-most bone facing palm up. It is closer to the pinky side (opposite of thumb) Signup and view all the answers

How does the elbow move?

the bending and straightening motion is similar to a hinge. The radius rotates as you turn your hand palm up and palm down while sliding against the head of the humerus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the joints of the elbow? Where are they located?

Humeroulnar joint is located between the humerus and ulna Humeroradial joint- between the humorous and the radius Proximal radioulnar joint- between the radius and the ulna (in the proximal part of the forearm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the humeroulnar joint?

Allows for flexion and extension of the arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the humeroradial joint?

allows for flexion, extension, supination (rotation of forearm so palm faces forward), and pronation (rotation of forearm so palm faces backward) Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the proximal radioulnar joint?

allows for pronation and supination (think of rotations) Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscles of the elbow?

some examples include biceps (flexors), triceps (extensors) Signup and view all the answers

What are the nerves of the elbow?

Radial, ulnar, median nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage? What is its purpose?

material that covers the ends of the bones of any joint. It is slippery which allows the joint surfaces to glide on one another without damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the joint capsule and how is it made?

The joint capsule is a watertight sac that surrounds a joint and contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement. They are made by ligaments connected together with a thin layer of connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Does the bicep tendon allow the elbow to bend with force or straighten with force?

Bed with force (A) Signup and view all the answers

Does the tricep tendon allow the elbow to bend with force or straighten with force?

Straighten with force (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the brachial artery? how does it form the ulnar and radial artery?

travels along the front crease of the elbow. It splits into two arteries (radial and ulnar) after the crease and continues into the hand. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main blood supply to the hand and forearm?

Brachial artery Signup and view all the answers

What are ligaments made up of?

fibroblast cells and collagen fibres Signup and view all the answers

What are tenocytes?

resident cells which maintain Extracellular matrix (ECM) and synthesise collagen Signup and view all the answers

What does the ECM consist of?

collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What are fibroblasts?

Cells that synthesise collagen and other ECM components Signup and view all the answers

What is medial epicondylitis/golfers elbow? What are the causes, symptoms, and treatment options?

Inflammation of and small tears in common flexor tendon, which connects the medial epicondyle to the wrist flexor pronator muscles of the forearm. Symptoms: pain on inner side of elbow, weak grip (pain when gripping objects), weak wrist (which worsens with repetitive stress ) Signup and view all the answers

What is lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow? What are the symptoms, causes, treatments?

Inflammation of and tears of the extensor carpi Radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. Symptoms: pain on outside of elbow, weak grip (worsens with repetitive wrist extension) Causes: overuse of forearm extensor muscles and tendons, poor technique in sports, ageing, Treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, surgery Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pain typically felt for medial epicondylitis versus lateral epicondylitis?

Medial epicondylitis - inner most side of elbow Lateral epicondylitis - outermost side of elbow Signup and view all the answers

What is histology?

The study of microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are biomolecules?

the most essential organic molecules which are involved in maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between tendons and ligaments?

They connect different parts of the anatomy. Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are bones made up of?

They contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts which are specialised cells that can swiftly remodel and repair bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Why do bones heal quickly?

They receive up to 10% of cardiac output. This strong blood supply allows for speedier transportation of nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells to the wounded sites, essential for quicker healing. Signup and view all the answers

How long do tendons take to heal?

Anywhere from 2 weeks- 12+months depending on severity. depends on if its an acute problem or more severe Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of medial epicondylitis?

Pain from innermost part of elbow. wrist pain elbow stifness hand and wrist weakness tingling sensation or numbness in fingers inflammation and swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomic name for elbow?

Cubitus Signup and view all the answers

What are the four tendons of the elbow?

Biceps tendon (biceps to radius) Triceps tendon (triceps to ulna), common flexor tendon (where flexor pronator muscles of forearm attach), common extensor tendon (where extensor muscles of the forearm attach) Signup and view all the answers

What are the ligaments of the elbow and where are they located?

medial collateral ligament (inner side of the elbow) lateral collateral ligament (outside of the elbow), annular ligament (encircles the head of radius), ulnar collateral ligament (innserside of elbow) Signup and view all the answers

What is tendon tissue made up of?

Tightly packed collagen fibres and tenocytes Signup and view all the answers

What are some reasons that tendons have a slower healing time in relation to other tissue?

Limited blood supply which is essential for healing. too much mechanical stress from daily movements and from transferring forces between muscles and bones. collagen fibres are tightly packed which can hinder the movement of cells and nutrients, ageing (higher age = slower healing), preexisting health conditions associated with injured tendons. slower production of collagen and other ECM components needed for healing. Signup and view all the answers

How does scar tissue impair tendons?

Can impair the function of tendons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tendon?

To connect muscle to bone, transfer muscle generated force to the bone which facilitates movement around a joint Signup and view all the answers

What are ligaments made up of?

It is dense connective tissue with bundles of collagen and fibroblast cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is the inflammatory response important in tissue healing?

Helps remove damaged tissue and initiate the repair process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the arthroscopic surgery technique for golfers elbow?

its specific for joints. A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fibre-optic video camera through a small incision Signup and view all the answers

What is nerve compression syndrome?

Constant bending of the nerves as (for example, the elbow bends) causing irritation or pressure on the nerves resulting in pain/numbness/weakness. Signup and view all the answers

What do tendon cells look like? What Is the benefit of the cytoplasmic extensions?

Star shaped appearance with cytoplasmic extensions creating wedges between neighbouring collagen bundles. This allows for transport of newly synthesised collagen to specific locations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epitenon?

thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire tendon to provide protective covering. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Endotenon?

Fine layer of connective tissue that wraps each collagen bundle. Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of connective tissue within the muscle?

Epimysium, paramyceium, endomysium Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What are the bones of the elbow?

What is the difference between the medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle?

Where is the radius located in relation to the palm? R before U

Where is the ulna located in relation to the palm? R before U

How does the elbow move?

What are the joints of the elbow? Where are they located?

What is the movement of the humeroulnar joint?

What is the movement of the humeroradial joint?

What is the movement of the proximal radioulnar joint?

What are the muscles of the elbow?

What are the nerves of the elbow?

What is articular cartilage? What is its purpose?

What is the joint capsule and how is it made?

Does the bicep tendon allow the elbow to bend with force or straighten with force?

Does the tricep tendon allow the elbow to bend with force or straighten with force?

Where is the brachial artery? how does it form the ulnar and radial artery?

What is the main blood supply to the hand and forearm?

What are ligaments made up of?

What are tenocytes?

What does the ECM consist of?

What are fibroblasts?

What is medial epicondylitis/golfers elbow? What are the causes, symptoms, and treatment options?

What is lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow? What are the symptoms, causes, treatments?

Where is the pain typically felt for medial epicondylitis versus lateral epicondylitis?

What is histology?

What are biomolecules?

What is the main difference between tendons and ligaments?

What are bones made up of?

Why do bones heal quickly?

How long do tendons take to heal?

Symptoms of medial epicondylitis?

What is the anatomic name for elbow?

What are the four tendons of the elbow?

What are the ligaments of the elbow and where are they located?

What is tendon tissue made up of?

What are some reasons that tendons have a slower healing time in relation to other tissue?

How does scar tissue impair tendons?

What is the function of a tendon?

What are ligaments made up of?

Why is the inflammatory response important in tissue healing?

What is the arthroscopic surgery technique for golfers elbow?

What is nerve compression syndrome?

What do tendon cells look like? What Is the benefit of the cytoplasmic extensions?

What is the epitenon?

What is the Endotenon?

What are the three layers of connective tissue within the muscle?

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