독서 이해 과목 < 9>

Reading Comprehension < 9>

• Marmoset monkeys call each other by name, similar to humans.
• Scientists from Hebrew University studied 10 marmosets' social interactions.
• Dr. David Omer, co-author, said marmosets are the first non-human primates known to use names for each other.
• Researchers paired marmosets in various combinations and analyzed over 50,000 monkey calls using AI.
• The analysis revealed that animals had names for each other.
• Dr. Omer believes this finding sheds light on human language evolution.
• Previously, human language was thought to appear suddenly, but evidence now suggests otherwise.
• Researchers speculate on how marmosets developed a name-calling system.
• Marmosets live in small monogamous family groups, caring for young together, similar to humans.
• Comparable evolutionary social challenges faced by early pre-linguistic ancestors are suggested by these characteristics.

Reading Comprehension < 10>

• Scientists discovered that bacteria have a mechanism to store and transmit memories to future generations within their single-celled forms.
• The research focused on ubiquitous E. coli, a well-studied organism.
• Bacteria can form memories despite lacking a brain, by gathering information from their environment.
• Bacterial memory, unlike human, is more akin to muscle memory.
• It's attributed to iron levels in the bacteria's physical makeup.
• Iron was likely critical in the origin and evolution of life on Earth.
• Research could potentially help combat bacterial diseases.

Reading Comprehension < 11>

• Human rights and fundamental rights represent basic rights and freedoms.
• Distinctions and connections between these two concepts are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of rights protection and promotion.
• Human rights are universal, applying to individuals regardless of nationality, race, gender, or differences.
• Fundamental rights are specific to a particular country's constitution or legal system and vary by national context.
• Human rights and fundamental rights share core principles like non-discrimination, equality before the law, and freedom of expression.
• They both provide mechanisms for individuals to seek redress and hold authorities accountable in cases of rights violations.

Reading Comprehension < 12>

• Animal cultures exist; learned behaviors are shared among group members and passed down through generations.
• Japanese monkeys on Koshima Island are famous for their potato-washing practice.
• Imo, a monkey, discovered washing potatoes in water removed dirt, making them easier to eat.
• This practice spread gradually to other monkeys in her group and eventually became widespread, even in subsequent generations.
• Monkeys washing potatoes even when presented with already cleaned ones suggests the behavior persists for a reason other than hygiene.

Reading Comprehension < 13>

• Deepfake generation and detection methods are rapidly advancing.
• Attackers generate deepfakes, and defenders detect them.
• Current solutions to combating deepfakes are limited by the speed of technological development and the volume of online content.
• There's no reliable way to verify the origin of online content, making detection of deepfakes more challenging.
• New techniques need for authentication, instead of simply detecting fakes, to verify authentic content is crucial.
• PoA system for online content is needed to ensure trusted sources.

Reading Comprehension < 14>

• Food production spread globally from domestication sites in either of two ways.
• Crops, livestock and even human populations spread more rapidly along east-west axes (e.g., Eurasia) than along north-south axes (e.g., Americas).
• Identical day lengths, climates, habitats, diseases, and seasonality at the same latitude often facilitates rapid spread across a large geographical area.
• Examples include rapid east/west spread of wheat, horses, wheels, writing from Western Asia, and chickens, citrus and peaches from China.
• This contrasts with the slower spread of livestock, crops, and technologies along the north-south axes of places like Africa, the Americas and the Indian subcontinent.

Reading Comprehension < 15>

• "Inside Out 2" became the highest-grossing animated film.
• It follows 13-year-old Riley as new emotions join the original ones.
• Anxiety takes control, highlighting its often misunderstood role.
• Viewing anxiety as a helpful tool, rather than a weakness, can improve well-being and performance (e.g. via test preparation).
• Reappraisal, a mental shift, helps people view anxiety as beneficial.
• The movie shows how catastrophic thinking can be countered by focusing on positive outcomes.
• "Inside Out 2" encourages viewers to understand and manage their emotions, especially anxiety, in a healthy way.

Reading Comprehension < 16>

• Professor Linda Henkel studied how taking photos affects memory recall.
• Henkel's experiment with undergraduates at a museum showed that people remembered fewer photographed objects, than observed ones, having trouble recalling visual details of photographed art.
• This is due to reliance on cameras for records, thereby negating deeper engagement with the experience.
• Photo-taking impairment effect, describes this difficulty in remembering visual details.
• This suggests a need to fully engage with experiences and to not outsource memory to devices that record for us.
• The constant need to be "one step ahead" leads to a cycle of never truly embracing the current experience.