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Questions and Answers

Which component of a storage system is responsible for processing storage services and receiving configuration management commands?

  • Fan module
  • Disk enclosure
  • Controller (correct)
  • BBU module

A coffer disk is primarily used for long-term data archiving rather than temporary data storage during power failures.

False (B)

Besides processing storage services, what is another key function of the controller in a storage system, related to configuration?

Saves configuration data

In the context of a storage system, the acronym 'BBU' stands for ______ Backup Unit.

<p>Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the port number with its corresponding function on the storage system:

<p>1 = Management port 2 = Maintenance port 3 = Serial port 6 = SAS expansion port</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which module incorporates both alarm and running indicators, critical for monitoring its operational status?

<p>BBU (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a situation where cache memory is used to speed up access to data. Be specific as possible.

<p>Cache memory is used by controllers to store the most frequently accessed data, which results in faster retrieval times and improved system performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can the FTL mapping table be saved?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

File systems read/write data in units smaller than 512 bytes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the main controller during FTL mapping operations?

<p>Maps addresses based on the mapping table</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data is stored in NAND physical addresses based on the ______.

<p>mapping table</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the SSD data write process example, how many channels are used to demonstrate data writing?

<p>Eight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the SSD is full, what action is necessary to accommodate new data?

<p>Delete old data to release space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When data is deleted and rewritten, all blocks immediately become valid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to data in some blocks as a result of a user deleting and rewriting data on an SSD?

<p>Data becomes invalid or aged</p> Signup and view all the answers

An SSD has extremely fragmented data. Which of the following operations would likely be the MOST detrimental to its lifespan?

<p>Constant small, random writes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering write amplification in SSDs, writing 1MB of data from the host always results in exactly 1MB being written to the NAND flash.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of SSDs are listed below? (Select all that apply)

<p>SLC (A), TLC (B), QLC (C), MLC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can be used to measure the performance of an HDD? (Select all that apply)

<p>Rotation speed (A), Data transfer rate (C), Average access time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two methods used to expand storage systems as listed in the.

<p>Scale-up, Scale-out</p> Signup and view all the answers

An intelligent data storage system contains controller ______, Disk ______, and Interface ______

<p>enclosure, enclosure, module</p> Signup and view all the answers

HedEx Lite is a popular tool recommended by Huawei.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines the throughput in sequential I/O operations for a disk?

<p>Rotation speed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disk capacity is solely determined by the number of platters in the disk.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components that determine the average access time of a disk?

<p>Average seek time and average latency time</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a key indicator to measure disk performance, representing Input/Output operations per second.

<p>IOPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the disk performance factors with their description:

<p>Seek speed = Affects random I/O performance Single platter capacity = Indirect factor for disk performance Rotation speed = Determines throughput in sequential I/Os Port speed = Least important factor for disk performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a cache added to the disk?

<p>To match the processing speed of the CPU with the disk read/write speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an SCM card in OceanStor Dorado V6 all-flash storage?

<p>Acting as a cache acceleration card. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disk has 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, and 63 sectors per track. What is its approximate capacity, rounded to the nearest GB?

<p>8 GB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external transfer rate of a disk is always higher than its internal transfer rate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SCM has faster access speeds than memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two capacity expansion methods for storage systems.

<p>scale-up and scale-out</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insanely Difficult: Assuming a constant angular velocity, how does increasing the number of sectors on a disk track affect latency time, and what is the trade-off?

<p>Increasing the number of sectors reduces latency but increases complexity and potential error rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 12 Gbit/s SAS expansion module is an example of a ______ module.

<p>back-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the interface modules with their corresponding speeds:

<p>GE electrical interface module = 1 Gbit/s 10GE electrical interface module = 10 Gbit/s 40GE interface module = 40 Gbit/s 100GE interface module = 100 Gbit/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the interface modules would provide the highest data transfer rate?

<p>100 Gbit/s RDMA Interface Module (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Storage system administrators are unconcerned with capacity expansion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the controller and disk enclosures, name one additional intelligent data storage component.

<p>expansion module</p> Signup and view all the answers

SmartCache is utilized alongside ______ for OceanStor Dorado V6 all-flash storage.

<p>SCM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interface module technology is specifically designed to offload CPU processing overhead, improving overall system performance by enabling direct memory access between nodes?

<p>RDMA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Management Port

Used for initial configuration and management of the storage system.

Maintenance Port

A port used for system maintenance and troubleshooting.

Controller

Core component; processes storage services and saves configuration data.

Controller Enclosure

Enclosure that houses the controllers.

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BBU

Battery Backup Unit; provides short-term power in case of failure.

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Fan Module

Cools down components.

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Coffer Disk

Used to protect cache data.

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Track

A circular division on a disk surface.

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Sector

A pie-shaped wedge within a track on a disk.

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Cylinder

The read/write head's position, forming a virtual cylinder across platters.

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Disk Capacity Formula

Number of cylinders x Number of heads x Number of sectors x 512 bytes.

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Disk Cache

Improves disk read/write speed by storing frequently accessed data.

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Rotation Speed

Determines throughput for sequential I/Os.

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Seek Speed

Affects random I/O performance.

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Average Access Time

Average seek time plus average latency time.

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IOPS

Input/Output Operations Per Second, which is a key indicator to measure disk performance.

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Types of SSDs

Types of Solid State Drives (SSDs): SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC.

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HDD Performance Metrics

Disk capacity, rotation speed, data transfer rate, and average access time.

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Storage System Components

Controller, disk enclosure, coffer disk, BBU, expansion module, device cables, HDDs, SSDs, and interface module.

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Storage Expansion Methods

Scale-up and Scale-out.

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Huawei Resources

Enterprise business, technical support, and online learning.

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SCM

Storage Class Memory, faster than NAND, slower than memory.

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SCM card

A card that accelerates cache using SCM media.

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Intelligent Data Storage Components

Controller enclosure, disk enclosure, expansion module, disk, interface module.

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GE Interface Module

Module providing Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

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10GE Interface Module

Module providing 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

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40GE Interface Module

Module providing 40 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

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100GE Interface Module

Module providing 100 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

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RoCE Interface Module

Module using RDMA over Converged Ethernet.

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SmartIO Interface Modules

Uses intelligent I/O to optimize performance.

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Scale-up

Increasing capacity by adding resources to an existing system; vertical.

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Scale-out

Increasing capacity by adding more systems; horizontal.

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Flash Translation Layer (FTL)

A translation layer in SSDs that maps logical addresses to physical addresses.

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FTL Mapping Table Location

The section where the FTL mapping table is stored; can be in internal SRAM/DRAM, external DRAM, or NAND flash.

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OS Sector Size

The unit in which file systems read/write data, typically 512 bytes.

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Main Controller Function

Mapping logical addresses to physical NAND addresses based on the FTL mapping table.

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SSD Data Write Process

The process where the host sends data to the SSD, which distributes the data across multiple channels.

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Deleting Old Data

When SSD is full, old data must be deleted to create space for new information.

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Invalid/Aged Blocks

Result in some blocks becoming invalid or aged, requiring management.

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FTL mapping table

Mapping table saved in internal SRAM/DRAM, external DRAM or NAND flash.

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FTL mapping operation

The main controller maps the addresses based on the mapping table.

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OS sector

Data is stored in unit of 512 bytes

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Study Notes

  • This course defines information and data in the computer field, along with their relationship, history, and trends in data storage.
  • After this course, people will understand definitions as well as concepts of data storage and its development.

Data and Information

  • SNIA definesData as the digital representation of anything in any form.
  • Data types are categorized as : structured, semi-structured, and unstructured.
  • The data processing cycle includes input, processing, and output.
  • Information is processed, structured, or rendered in a given context to be meaningful and useful.
  • Information is processed data, including data with context, relevance, and purpose, involving the manipulation of raw data.
  • After data is processed, it can be converted into information.
  • To be stored and transmitted in IT systems, information must be processed as data.

Comparing Item Data with Information

  • Feature: Data is raw and meaningless with no specific purpose, while information is valuable and logical.
  • Essence: Data consists of original materials, whereas information consists of processed data.
  • Dependence: Data never depends on information, while information depends on data.
  • Example: Meteorological data or satellite image data versus weather forecasts.
  • Information lifecycle management (ILM) refers to management theories and methods from when it is generated and initially stored to when it is obsoletely deleted.

Data Storage

  • Data storage in a narrow sense includes physical storage, whereas data storage in a broad sense includes any connected storage device

  • A data storage system comprises three layers:

  • Storage hardware is the foundation.

  • Storage software builds upon the hardware.

  • Solutions, such as disaster recovery (DR) and backup.

  • A physical storage system includes:

  • Hosts

  • Network switching devices

  • A NAS gateway

  • Controllers with front-end boards, cache, and back-end boards

  • Connectors

  • Disks

  • Storage application and management software

Data Storage Types

  • Internal Storage
  • External Storage
  • DAS
  • FAS
  • SAN
  • NAS
  • Object Storage
  • Data Management Technologies have evolved from manual to file systems to traditional databases and finally to scale-out devices for big data.
  • Data storage applications classify data based on access frequency:
    • Online storage
    • Nearline storage
    • Offline storage.

Development of Storage Technologies

  • Storage Architecture has evolved from traditional storage in the 1950s -> external storage in the 1980s -> storage networks in the 1990s -> and scale-out and cloud storage since 2000.
  • Storage architectures have shifted from internal disks to external storage using JBOD and then to storage arrays using controllers.
  • Storage solutions have moved from separation to convergence, unifying SAN and NAS into unified storage. Scale-out storage organizes physical resources using software into high-performance, reliable logical storage pools.
  • Storage virtualization consolidates storage devices into logical resources.
  • Cloud Storage combines multiple storage devices, applications, and services using multi-tenant infrastructure for scalable resources.

Storage Media

  • HDDs have evolved to have a larger capacity but now have a smaller size.
  • In the 1950s-1960s -> giant disks -> 14-inch disks in the 1960s-1970s -> 8-inch disks in the 1970s-1980s -> portable disks in the 1980s-1990s (5.25-inch, 3.5-inch, and 2.5-inch) -> microdrives in the 1990s.
  • SSDs were invented just as early as HDDs, SSDs were not used as often because of its high price and rapid HDI) development.
  • In 1967 -> Dataram sold Bulk Core -> SanDisk launched flash SSDs -> BITMICRO launched flash SSDs -> Samsun released laptops using SSDs and to this datelower costs and higher capacity

Development of Flash Memory

  • SLC: Offers fast read/write speeds and long service life.
  • MLC: Provides moderate read/write speeds and service life.
  • TLC: A mature mainstream technology.
  • 3D TLC: Improves storage density.
  • QLC: larger and cheaper, applicable to warm data
  • SCM: Faster than NAND media, slightly slower than memory.
  • SCM is non-volatile memory but is slightly slower than memory but much faster than NAND media in terms of access speed.
  • Mainstream SCM media are PCRAM, ReRAM, MRAM, and NRAM.
  • Interface Protocols refer to communication modes and requirements for interfaces exchanging information.
  • Disk interfaces connect disks to hosts.

History of Interface Protocols

  • The first-gen FC protocol was released in 1994.
  • interface protocols have been evolving to include iSCSI , 2G FC, 4G FC, 8G FC, 16G FC, SATA 1.0, SATA 2.0, SAS 2.0, SAS 3.0, 32 G FC, 100G Ethernet, NVMee 1.0, NMVe 1.2 -> SATA 3.0, 1.3 to modern ones like NMVe 1.4
  • NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express)
  • Improves the performance
  • Reduces the latency
  • NVMe-oF (NVMe over Fabrics)
    • Potential: low latency and high bandwidth
    • Purpose: accelerates the data transmission among the storage
    • network

Development Trend of Storage Products

  • Storage development trends are:
    • HDD & SSD Media are growing
    • From Centralized to Scale-out Architecture is growing
    • Manual O&M to Intelligent O&M is growing
    • Cloud
    • All-flash
    • Intelligence

The Intelligence Era

  • It has evolved from the steam age -> Electricity age -> Information Age -> to now Intelligence Age as data and automation are increasing
  • Challenges to Data Storage
    • Service interruption due to multiple points and long RAID reconstruction time are giving way to always on services and faster processing times
    • Low efficiency is evolving to high efficiency.
    • Unstable latency is being removed by EB-level data assets and intelligent tiering

Storage in the Intelligence Era

  • Storage systems are having to adapt to data tiering, large capacities, and high speeds as costs and customer satisfaction are driving these requirements

Future Storage Technologies

  • Optical, DNA and atomic storage are on the cusp of helping with data storage, though there are disadvantages like cost and read/write times that are preventing wide adoption
  • AS-IS = FC SAN and IP SAN to TO-BE = Converged Al Fabric network will enable open ethernet, high performing, low latency solutions

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