• Key terms require accurate definitions and explanations of significance or application.
• Terms are not stagnant and should be reviewed regularly.

1.1 Ideals of Democracy (Sections 1.1 and 1.2 in SOAN)

• Social Contract: People give their government the right to rule to maintain order and protect rights, influencing the protection of individual rights and the development of constitutional government.
• Natural Rights: Rights to life, liberty, and property that the government cannot take away; these rights influence the creation of laws and the constitution, protecting people by the government
• John Locke: Created Natural Rights and government for the people, shaping democratic principles, individual freedoms, and inspiring elements of the Constitution.
  • Locke proposed that people have the right to overthrow the government if it fails to protect their rights.
• Thomas Hobbes: Introduced the idea of the social contract and argued for a strong, centralized authority to avoid chaos in his book “Leviathan.”
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Claimed legitimate political authority comes from a social contract agreed upon by citizens for mutual preservation in "The Social Contract".
  • Argued that the general need of the people directs the role of the state leading to the discussion of the government's role in society.
• Popular Sovereignty: Authority of government is created and sustained by the consent of the people through elected representatives, putting power in the people rather than a monarch or elite.
• Republicanism: Government's authority comes from the people, with representatives elected to represent interests and govern according to law.
• Locke's ideas differed from Hobbes' as Locke advocated for natural rights and government by consent, where the government could be overthrown if rights were not protected, unlike Hobbes who believed in a strong, centralized authority.
• Declaration of Independence: Declared the thirteen American Colonies independent from British rule, outlining struggles during King George III's rule and expressing principles from the Enlightenment period, like the ideas of individual liberty, and natural law. Key values that came out of the Declaration of Independence were Natural Rights, Government by Consent, Equality, and Right to overthrow the government.

1.4 Articles of Confederation (Section 2.1 in SOAN)

• Articles of Confederation: Focused on weaknesses of the government structure like Shay's Rebellion
• The articles created a weak central government, with most of the power belonging to state governments.
• Weaknesses included a nonexistent army, no power to tax, no national judiciary, limited central government, state sovereignty, and the need for unanimous consent for amendments, leading to economic disputes and ultimately the draft of the Constitution.

1.2 Types of Democracy (Section 1.3 in SOAN)

• Participatory Democracy: People have direct involvement in decision-making processes, achieved through referendums and citizen assemblies, to ensure their voice is reflected in government.
• Pluralist Democracy: Multiple groups and organizations fight for representation in government public policy and decision-making
  • Dispersed through economic, social, and political groups
  • Prevents a single group from gaining dominance and encourages active participation from various organizations
• Elite Democracy: small, privileged group of individuals with high social status who wield power and influence in political systems, but it neglects the needs and interests of the people

1.3 Government Power and Individual Rights (Section 2.4 in SOAN)

• Federalists: Supported the Constitution because they believed that a strong central government was needed to provide order, manage interstate relations, handle foreign affairs efficiently, and prevent any branch from receiving too much power.
  • Key federalists were Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
• Anti-Federalists: Opposed the Constitution because they believed that a large national government would hinder people's liberties and state power
  • Feared the national government's power to tax, regulate interstate commerce, raise a national army, and that the states would lose power and be overtaken by federalism.
• Federalist #10: Written by James Madison, discussing how a large republic could control factions by establishing well-formed republics to protect the rights of every citizen.
• Brutus #1: Argued against the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, fearing a tyrannical central government that would threaten personal freedom and state autonomy.
  • Advocated for a more decentralized form of government

1.5 Ratification of the U.S. Constitution (Section 2.2 in SOAN)

• Virginia Plan: Created by James Madison, proposing a 3 branch government (Executive, Judicial and Legislative) with a bicameral national legislature and 2 houses.
  • Benefited states with larger populations due to greater representation in both houses.
• New Jersey Plan: Proposed by William Paterson; suggested a unicameral legislature where state delegations would get one equal vote instead of votes based on population.
  • Favored by the smaller states
• Great (Connecticut) Compromise: Agreed a new form of government involving both the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
  • Resolved the issue of state representation through a bicameral legislature, where The House of Representatives would represent those states through population.
  • The Senate would have equal representation through two senators per state.
• Three-Fifths Compromise: Article 1, Section 2, Slave counted as 3/5 of a person for state population representation; slaves were not allowed to vote but were counted when it came to population.
• Compromise on Importation: Article 1 Section 9, Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808
• Electoral College: Electors cast direct votes for the President and Vice President rather than the popular vote.

1.6 Principles of American Government (Section 2.3 in SOAN)

• Federalism: Sharing of power between the states and federal government.
• Separation of powers: Spreading of powers between government branches to prevent any single branch from gaining too much power
• Checks and balances: Powers that government branches have to check and stop other branches from overusing their powers or policy
  • Under Article II, Section 2, The president can negotiate treaties with congress in Article I, Section 3 given power to ratify them
• Federalist #51: Separates the government in branches to prevent one branch from gaining more power than the others.
  • This helped curate the idea of separation because the Anti-Federalist feared of a national government would limit, take away or destroy the liberties of the people.

1.7 Relationship Between the States and Federal Government (Sections 3.2 and 3.4 in SOAN)

• Federalism includes constitutional bases like Article I, Sec. 8, Article IV and VI, and the Tenth Amendment.
  • The balance of power between state and national governments is represented through the 10th Amendment, stating that any power not given to the national government goes to the state governments or the people.
  • Article IV expresses federalism through full faith & credit and privileges & immunities clause
• Enumerated power: Power permitted to a branch of government.
• Implied power: powers of the national government that are not expressed in the constitution but are implied through the necessary and proper clause
• Exclusive power: Only the national government can use these powers
• Reserved power: Powers possessed b the states and the people.
• Concurrent power: Powers given to both the national and state governments.
• Full faith and credit clause: Constitutional Clause requiring states to recognize public acts, civil court proceedings and records from other states.
• Privileges and immunities clause: Prohibits states from discriminating against people from other states.
• Fiscal Federalism (Section 3.4 in SOAN): National government uses grants in aid to influence states on policies.
• Block grants: Grant in aid that allows state official power to decide what to do with the money.
• Categorical grants: Grants in aid sent to states for a specific reason to to be used in that way.
• Mandates are orders given by the federal government that requires state governments to follow.
• Devolution gives more power to state or local governments.

1.8 Constitutional Interpretations of Federalism (Sections 3.2 and 3.3 in SOAN)

• Supremacy Clause shows the need of a balance of power between the states and the national government by establishing that the national government will overcome with any disputes between the state
• Commerce Clause allows the national government to regulate interstate commerce with foreign nations and the states.
• Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) allows the national government to create and pass laws needed to help complete out enumerated powers.
• 10th Amendment gives power that are not given to the national government is given to the people and the state governments.
• 14th Amendment: Those born in the United States are granted citizenship and cannot be prevented from citizenship.
• Dual Federalism: State and national government work separately.
• Cooperative Federalism is where the state and national government work together without the need of authority between the two
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Second Bank of the United States, a national bank by Congress, Maryland passed laws to tax the bank.
  • The Supreme court ruled that establishing a bank was an implied power because states didn't have the power to tax said bank
• United States v. Lopez (1995): Lopez charged with violating the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 after bringing an unloaded gun and ammunition to school with the plan to sell it.
  • Lopez was charged under texas law because prohibited guns in schools
  • The act was deemed unconstitutional and it was ruled that guns in school did not have anything to do with interstate commerce

U.S. Constitution

• House of Representatives: One of the two houses in Congress.
  • Based on state population, a certain number of representatives are elected by each state and serve every 2 years.
• Senate: One of the two houses in Congress.
  • Not based on population where each state elects 2 senators and serve for six years.
• Articles of the Constitution: Outlines national government powers and formed the United States government
• Amendments to the Constitution: Article V Amendment Process with 2 ways: By 2/3 vote in both the House and Senate or by a National Convention called by Congress.
  • Once proposed an amendment has to be ratified by either ¾ of state legislatures or by a convention in ¾ of the states.
• Bill Of Rights: Created through the fear and request of the Anti-federalist, outlining a list of liberties and rights that the government could not take away from the people

5.8 Electing a President and 5.9 Congressional Elections (Sections 14.3 and 13.4 in SOAN)

• Nomination Process: Declared candidates from the same party fight for the party's nomination
  • Where the people vote for a delegate who would represent the candidate they want for their party's in the presidential election
• Delegates are individuals chose or appointed to represent others at political conventions.
• Superdelegates are types of delegates in the Democratic party who have the freedom to support any candidate for the party's presidential nomination to provide stability and guidance in the nomination process
• Caucus system: Selecting political candidates where candidates gather at local meetings to discuss, debate and vote on their preferred candidate
• National Conventions: Delegates from each state represent the party member ‘schoices to nominate their candidate for president
• Primaries nominate presidential or vice-presidential candidates
• Super Tuesday is vote day where states schedule primary elections or earlier in the presidential nomination season to gain influence in the nomination process.
• Swing states are ones where parties are similar and elections can sway any which way back and forth
• Election Model: A state where the polls show a close contest between the republican and democratic candidate in a presidential election

Electoral College

• Constitutionally required process for selecting the president through electors chosen in each state, who pledge to vote for a nominee in the presidential election.
• Midterm elections: Voters vote halfway through the presidents’ 4 year term for the House reps, state and local officials in congress
  • These help maintain balance in the power of congress.
• Candidate-centered Campaigns: Candidates develop own strategies/raise money with less influence from the party elite.
• Incumbency: Occurs when one has already hold a political office.
  • They have advantages over the opponent because they are recognized in the media and have support from many voters.

5.11 Campaign Finance (Chapter 13 Prologue and 13.5 in SOAN)

• Political action committees (PACS): Groups collect/donate money to support candidates/causes formed by individuals to influence financially election campaigns and elections
• Federal Election Commission: Government agencies enforce/oversee laws about federal election campaign funding and spending, monitor campaign contributions, expenses and illegal use of campaign funds
• Hard money are political contributions that regulated by law and limits
• Soft money are contributions to political parties that aren't or are subjected to some regualtions by federal law
• Dark money is political spending from a group of people or orginazations that do not haev to give away their donors
• Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (McCain-Feingold Act): A law in 2001 that aims to regulate elections and to reduce money in politics
• Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010): The government has no limit to political expenditures by corporations/unions which is freedom of speech led to increase political spending and the rise of super PACS

5.12 The Media (Chapter 16 Prologue, 16.1 and 16.3 in SOAN)

• Mass media is information designed to reach a wide audience through big networks, internet, social media, podcasts, etc,
• Wire service: An organization that gathers/reports on news and sells stories to other companies
• Investigative journalism: A reporter digs up news from a newsgathering
• Roles of media: Watchdog, horse-race journalism, scorekeeper, adversarial press, gatekeeper,
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC): Regulates television, satellite and cable, radio, wire to make reliable communication to public
• Misinformation & Disinformation: Disinformation-deliberately false information shared to manipulate/deceive the public. Misinformation-False information shared without the intent to harm

AP Gov Mod 4 Quiz 1

• State Governments: Determine how elections will run and who can vote
• National government: Ensures enforcement of amendments + civil rights legislation
• Franchise - The right to vote
• Rational Choice: Voting based on what the person wants in their gov
• Retrospective: How the candidate did in the past
• Prospective: Predictions of how candidate will do in future
• Party Line: Voting for all candidates of one political party
• Voter Turnout has Structural barriers such as policy or law: Voter ID laws, registratiton access to ballot
• Political Efficacy determines your vote matters
• There are certain demographics that vote like age, sex, race, education, religion
• A poll tax is required by gov before being allow to vote- illegal today
• Simplified the voter registration process and enhance voter turnout/ participation = National Voter Registration Act
• Amendments:
  • 14th Amendment: Gave U.S citizenship to former slaves
  • 15th Amendment: Everyone can vote women and black people
  • 17th Amendment: Senate should be made of 2 senators from every state
  • 19th Amendment: Woman can vote
  • 23rd Amendment: People in D.C can vote and gives them electors
  • 24th Amendment: No poll tax or income tax during elections
  • 26th Amendment: Lowered the voting age to 18
• Civil Rights Act (1964): Prohibited discrimination and segregation
• Voting Rights Act (1965: No more literacy test/Prohibited discrimination in voting
• Congress makes law and runs federal budegt
• Federalist 51 -Separation of Powers checks and balances with James Madison's support of Constitution

Article 1 and Differences between House and Senate

• Congress: Bicameral-2 separate chambers
• Reps of House: Represented by population
  • 435 members and more connected to people they're representing with a 2-yeat term
  • They always are up for reelection with limited debates and have less bipartisanship than Senate and must be 25
• Senate: Represented equally (2 per state)
  • 100 members are less connected to people they're representing with a 6 year term
  • Have unlimited debates and have more done with insulated from public pressure=Must be 30
• Senate: They try cases of impeachment
  • Elects Prez if electoral college tie,Initiates cases of impeachment, all revenue bills originate in the House and Confirm all presidential nominations
• The Senate must Ratify all treatie
• Congressional Caucuses are Groups of congress who pursue common law Party-Based Ideological Caucuses Issue based Committees
• Joint Committee (together) : ex. Library of Congress • Standing Committee (forever)/Select Committee
• Federal Spending has Mandatory ex: social security and Medicare+Discretionary
• Congressional Behavior consists of:
• Voting Models: Delegate-Rep in congress= constintuents wishes Trustee- should congress act as members with knowledge+Politicio balanace

Vocab

• Gridlock: A slowdown or halt in congress ability to legislate and overcome divisions especially those based on partisanship
• lame Duck: Period in congress when a congress can block initaitives like presidentia Redistricting: Redrawing of Electoral of boundaries
• Gerrymandering redistricting to benefit voters
• Vocab S: Constitutional Oversight ensures branch agencies and helps create laws and force them sponser or member of congress and writes and presents pork barrel -money used for gain omnious puts bills and votes on ones Log roller if vote fo my bil ill votee for you Filibuster never stopping

Roles and Powers of the President

• Article II: Establishes the executive branch of the federal government/enforcign
• Informers=orderd by executive
• Formers can deploy troops
• Roles:
• cheif of military
• chief of diplomate works with cabinet + works with the cabinet
• The pres needs to have a good influence of networks for votes

Crisis Manager

• Federalist 70:
  • Alexander Hamilton says make quick
• 22 ad=2 terms only
• the pres needs influence for votes
• MerirSystem to support
• Authority of presidency Impment
• agencies do things

Holding the Bureaucracy Accountable

• Relationship of agency and prs=rewrite
• Conogress+ rewrite
• president: bully pulp
• Bully PUpirt ability for pre to use to prpote/ rally congress= state of of the unnion and reavh the public on media president does checks CAbient advic

Unit 4 Key Terms

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