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Male Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system contains genitalia (reproductive structures).
• External genitalia are organs outside the body.
• Internal genitalia are organs inside the body.
• The testis is the primary sex organ.
• The penis is the copulatory organ.
• Developed from the mesoderm.

Functions

• Produces, maintains, and transports semen.
• Facilitates intercourse or sexual activity.
• Produces male hormones.

Testis

• Paired male gonads are paired structures.
• Testis is small, ovoid, and a solid body.
• Consists of a combination of seminiferous tubules.
• Attached to the suspensory ligaments.
• The Scrotum contains Smooth muscles
• Testis is large as olive seed.
• The capsule is known as Tunica Albugenia.
• Contains 250-300 lobules.
• Each lobule contains 1-4 Seminiferous tubules.

Cryptorchidism

• The testis remains in the abdomen and fails to descend.

Monarchidism

• Only one testis.

Duct System of Testis

• Seminiferous tubules transport sperm to the rete testis (network).
• From the rete testis, sperms move to the vas efferentia.
• Sperms mature in the epididymis (6 meters/20 feet).
• Sperms are stored and transported out of semen during this period and this maturation takes 10-15 days
• The vas deferens or sperm duct connects to the ejaculatory duct.
• Urethra functions as the urinogenital duct.

Spermatogenesis

• Germline cells undergo spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.
• Interstitial cells or Leydig cells produce testosterone.
• Sertoli or nurse cells produce Spermatoblast cells and inhibin.
• FSH influences spermatogenesis and the Germ Line Epithelium.
• Mitosis and meiosis occur during spermatogenesis.
• Spermatogenesis lasts for 65-72 days (10 weeks).
• Spermatid differentiates into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis or post-meiotic changes which includes the formation of:
  • Head
  • Middle Piece
  • Tail/Flagella
• (2n) Germ Line cells lead to (2n) Spermatogonium which leads to Type A cells
• Healthy males produce 400 million sperms
• Sperms account for 10% of semen, and secretions comprises the remaining 90%.
• A typical ejaculation measures 2.5ml and contains between 20-150 million sperms.
• Insemination is the entrance of semen.

Sperm

• Acrosome contains a modified lysosome which Having hyaluronidase enzyme.
• Nucleus is haploid, it Contains 22 autosomes plus either X or Y
• Middle Piece contains mitochondria.
• The Tail is a Flagella

Accessory Glands

• Seminal vesicles are paired structures.
  • They are sac-like pouches attached to the vas deferens near the bladder.
  • They produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) to provide energy for sperm.
• The prostrate gland is an unpaired structure.
  • The size is walnut or gold-ball sized .
  • It is below the urinary bladder, on both sides of the urethra.
  • It produces an acidic and Hyaluronidase secrection containing Citrate.
• Bulbourethral glands are paired structures.
  • It is pea sized and just below the prostate.
  • Secrete alkaline fluid which Neutralize tract

Copulatory Organ - Penis

• Its function is to launch sperms into the female reproductive tract.
• Reptiles developed the first copulatory organ.
• The penis exists in both a flaccid and erectile form:
  • Flaccid: During urination (micturition), does not pass semen.
  • Erectile: During Intercourse (sexual activity), does not pass urine.
• The glans penis is a sensitive part.
• The urethral orifice releases urine and semen.

Female Reproductive System

• A complex system like male.

Parts

• Ovaries are female gonads which Produce Ova through Oogenesis.
• Ducts: fallopian, ovarian, and oviduct which are the sites for Ova release and fertilization
• Genitalia: are used for Intercourse and Birth
• Clitoris is a (Sensory Part) analogous to Glans Penis in Males.
• Anal Opening
• Urethral Opening
• Vaginal Opening (Vulva )
• Labia Minora and Majora

Uterus

• The fallopian tube is 10cm in length.
• Ampulla is the (Fallopian funnel).
• Opens into the Infundibulum.
• Fimbriae
• Fundus part of uterus.
• Body and also Contains Body.
• Non-ciliated cells for (Nourishment).
• Ciliated cells (Movement).
• Suspensory ligaments
• Uterus (Womb). It is an inverted pear-shaped.Muscular structure Can stretch up to 20 times.
• The cervix is blocked by (Plug of mucus).
• The Vagina (Birth canal) Opening (Vulva) Lactobacillus (Lactic acid) Intercourse Semen Release

Oogenesis

• Discontinuous process that ceases at a certain age.

• Production of Ova

• Starts before birth (Prophase 1 = pachytene).

• Completed in adult female(Metaphase 2).

• FSH influences germline cells.

• Germline cells start the process.

• Oogenesis forms Oogonium (2n)

• Oogonium(2N) leads to Primary Oocyte (2n)

• Which leads to Secondary Oocyte (n). Arrested at metaphase 2 in the adult

• Polar body in primary and secondary stages which will also Arrested at metaphase 2 in adult

• Large nucleus with (22 + X)is the Definite Ovum

• The Ovum which has (Maximum Organelle ) Mitochondria and the Diameter (120 micron)

Female Reproductive Cycle

• Oestrous cycle

  • Happens in animals other than primates.
  • Oestrous Cycle is when in "On Heat" there is a Release of Ovum Most chances of fertilization.
  • The endometrium gets reabsorbed.

• Menstrual cycle

  • Happens only in primates.
  • Menarche (Adult) = Teenage at Age 13
  • Menopause = the Cessation of Menstrual Cycle, at age 45-50 years
  • Normal Cycle duration = 28 days but range from 21-35 days.

• FSH initiates the formation of Follicle Atresia to Oogonium (2n)

• Which forms into Follicular phase and the Oogonium (2n) becomes Pre Ovulatory.

• Luteal Phase Post and it Leads to Ovulation

• The Follicles Regressive Corpus Luteum and leads to Corpus Albicans.

• LH influences Graafian follicles in the Ovulation by Releasing Estrogen

• In the Primary structures Sec - oocyte

Sperm

• Follicular cells are the (Corona Radiata)
• Large nucleus with (22 + X) The Ovum which has (Maximum Organelle/Cytoplasm ) Polar bodies

Other Information

• The Follicular Phase has: Estradiol Peak
• During the phases in Secretory Phase has: Progesteron Peak
• Fertile Window is 9th - 15th day

Menstruation

Occurs without pregnancy

• Cessation of Progesteron secretion causes a reduction in Endometrium causing Deterioration.
• Leading to:

Bleeding,3-5 days duration Overall duration: 1-5 days PTB Pre Term Birth: 3-7 days

Calculation of Ovulation

• Secretory phase has a fixed duration of 14 days
• For a female reproductive cycle of 32 days the day of ovulation would be, 32-14 = 18

STDs

• More than 30 different microorganisms can cause Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Reasons: Multiple Sexual Partners- Unethical ways of intercourse.

Bacterial Disorders

• Gonorrhea Causative Agent: N. Gonorrheae (Gram +) Transmission: Genital contact, Oro-genital contact Symptoms: wounds. sensation of pain during micturition Oviducts- damages and blocked, this can lead to infertility-

• Newborn may acquire serious eye infections if passed through the infected birth canal

• Can be Treated through antibiotics and is Contagious

• SYPHILIS- Causative Agent: Treponema Pallidium (Spirochete) Transmission: Genital, Sexual Contact Symptoms: Lesions (Stages).

• Tertiary Stage: can affect reproductive organs. Bones. Joints Nervous System, Heart, skin resulting in KPK Gummas.

Viral Disorders

• GENITAL HERPES CAUSED BY: HERPES SIMPLEX Type 1 - Above Belly button) Type 2 --Below belly button) Symptoms include Painful blisters .genital soreness and ulcers in infected areas Virus can be transmitted to infants Treated by Anti-viral Proteins-

AIDS

• AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
• CAUSATIVE AGENT: HIV (human Immuno Deficiency Virus) which impacts Human T-Lymphocytes Human Papilloma Virus = Genital Warts