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Questions and Answers

Ada Lovelace's contribution to programming history is most accurately described as:

  • Developing the first high-level programming language.
  • Coining the term 'Autocode' for a set of programming languages.
  • Writing the first assembly language to simplify machine code.
  • Inventing the first machine algorithm, recognizing that numbers could represent other things. (correct)

Which programming language, created in 1957, is still utilized in supercomputers for scientific and mathematical computations?

  • ALGOL
  • Fortran (correct)
  • LISP
  • COBOL

Plankalkül's significance in the history of programming languages primarily lies in its:

  • Being the first assembly language developed to simplify machine code.
  • Being the first high-level computer programming language ever developed. (correct)
  • Being the first compiled programming language that could be translated into machine code.
  • Being the first language implemented to improve operations of the BINAC and UNIVAC computers.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of assembly language in the early stages of computing?

<p>To simplify machine code for writing instructions for processors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ALGOL served as a foundational language influencing the development of several other programming languages. Which of the following languages directly traces its origins to ALGOL?

<p>Pascal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

LISP remains a relevant language in modern technology due to its application in a specific field. Which field primarily utilizes LISP for its operations?

<p>Artificial intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key innovation enabled 'Autocode' to be translated into machine code?

<p>The implementation of a special application known as a compiler. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were tasked with improving the efficiency of engineers performing repetitive computational tasks in the 1940s, which language would be most beneficial based on the descriptions?

<p>Plankalkül (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

COBOL is predominantly used in which sector, highlighting its suitability for managing large volumes of structured data?

<p>Business and administrative systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

BASIC was designed with a specific user in mind. Who was the intended audience for the BASIC programming language?

<p>Beginners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider programming languages as tools. Which pairing correctly matches a language with its primary benefit?

<p>Assembly Language: Enables direct interaction with computer hardware. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company achieved its first major commercial success through the development and distribution of BASIC?

<p>Microsoft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose you need to design a new programming language that builds directly upon Autocode's foundational concept. Which feature would be most essential to include?

<p>A compiler to translate the language into machine-executable code. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pascal was endorsed by a leading company due to its streamlined and straightforward process. Which company was one of the leading supporters of Pascal?

<p>Apple (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on their descriptions, which programming language aimed at promoting modularity and abstraction in software development?

<p>Plankalkül (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the design and purpose of the programming languages mentioned?

<p>Fortran is still utilized in supercomputers and scientific computations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language is most associated with early Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications?

<p>LISP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the first digital computers developed in the late 1940s to early 1950s?

<p>Scientific Applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language was specifically designed for business applications in the 1950s?

<p>COBOL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of computation is emphasized in Artificial Intelligence (AI) programming?

<p>Symbolic Computation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was flexibility a crucial requirement for programming languages used in early AI development?

<p>To support symbolic computation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early scientific applications that influenced the design of Fortran?

<p>Extensive symbolic computation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these major platforms utilizes PHP in their architecture?

<p>WordPress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original intended use of PHP when it was created by Rasmus Lerdorf?

<p>To build and maintain web pages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes linked lists from arrays when used in AI applications?

<p>Linked lists facilitate more convenient data manipulation, especially when dealing with dynamic data sizes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scripting languages like JavaScript or PHP contribute to dynamic web content?

<p>By embedding programming code within HTML to enable interactive and computational capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does HTML play in the context of web software development?

<p>It provides the structure and layout of content but requires other languages for dynamic functionality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a programming environment, what is the primary advantage of using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like NetBeans or Visual Studio?

<p>They provide a uniform interface to access a large collection of integrated tools, streamlining software development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of Microsoft Visual Studio Code compared to a typical text editor?

<p>It offers redefined code editing, debugging tools, and supports multiple languages through extensions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of NetBeans in software development?

<p>It is an open-source IDE that supports the development of desktop, mobile, and web applications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do frameworks like NetBeans and Visual Studio enhance software development efficiency?

<p>By providing pre-built components and structures, reducing the amount of code developers must write. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using extensions in Visual Studio Code?

<p>They expand functionality and support a wide range of languages and runtimes beyond the built-in capabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the Arduino IDE?

<p>To compile and upload code to Arduino boards, facilitating communication between the board and computer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using Blockly for coding education?

<p>It uses a visual, drag-and-drop interface, simplifying the initial coding experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most closely related to the readability of a programming language?

<p>How easily programs can be understood and maintained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did emphasizing software maintenance have on programming language evaluation in the 1970s?

<p>It increased focus on readability as a key measure of program and language quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios would most likely reduce the readability of a program?

<p>Writing a computation-heavy program in a language not designed for such tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant impact of a programming language having too many basic constructs?

<p>It complicates the learning process and reduces code readability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'feature multiplicity' in the context of programming languages, and how does it relate to readability?

<p>It means there are multiple ways to accomplish the same operation, which can decrease readability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the criteria for programming language evaluation, which of the following contributes most to making a language 'simple' and, therefore, more readable?

<p>Having a minimal number of basic constructs and clear syntax. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of designing programming language statements where their appearance partially specifies their purpose?

<p>It improves code readability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of programming languages, what does 'writability' primarily refer to?

<p>The ease with which a language can be used to create programs for a specific problem domain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a large number of different constructs in a programming language negatively impact writability?

<p>Programmers may become confused, leading to misuse or disuse of some features. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential problem can arise from too much orthogonality in a programming language?

<p>Errors can go undetected when any combination of primitives is legal, leading to code absurdities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'expressivity' in a programming language contribute to writability?

<p>By allowing computations to be accomplished with shorter and more concise programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate definition of 'reliability' in the context of programming languages?

<p>The degree to which a program performs to its specifications under all conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it unfair to directly compare the writability of Visual Basic (VB) and C for all programming tasks?

<p>Each language is designed for different types of applications; VB excels at GUI programs, while C is suited for system-level tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the static keyword do in C when used to define a variable outside of all functions?

<p>It means the variable is visible only within the file where its definition appears. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Programming Language

Formal system for writing programs.

Ada Lovelace

Invented the first machine algorithm.

Lovelace's Leap

Numbers represent other things.

Machine Algorithm

First step toward computer instructions.

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Plankalkül

Language for Z4 computer; first high-level language.

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Plankalkül Features

Express computations and relationships.

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Assembly Language

Simplifies machine code for processors.

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Autocode

First compiled programming language.

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FORTRAN (1957)

An early programming language created by John Backus to make programming more accessible, still used in supercomputers.

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ALGOL (1958)

A programming language that served as the origin for Pascal, Java, C, and C++.

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LISP (1958)

Created by John McCarthy for AI applications; one of the oldest programming languages still in use.

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COBOL (1959)

Developed by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper for business computer programs, widely used in banking.

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BASIC (1964)

Created for beginners, it became Microsoft’s first commercially successful product.

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Pascal (1970)

Named after Blaise Pascal and endorsed by Apple for its streamlined process.

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FORTRAN Purpose

Focused on shortening the programming process and making it more accessible.

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Pascal Meaning

Niklaus Wirth named the language after the famed mathematician Blaise Pascal.

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Who is Rasmus Lerdorf?

Creator of PHP, initially for web page building.

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What is PHP?

Originally Personal Home Page, now Hypertext Preprocessor; a language for web development.

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Name PHP-based platforms

Facebook, Wikipedia, WordPress.

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What are Programming Domains?

The area of computer applications, each commonly uses specific languages.

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Scientific Applications Era

Late 1940s to early 1950s: used Fortran at the time due to concern for efficiency.

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Business Applications Era

Began in 1950s with COBOL, special computers and languages for business.

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AI Domain Languages

AI uses symbolic computation; LISP was used before 1990.

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What is Symbolic computation?

Uses symbols consisting of names.

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Form and Meaning

Designing code so its appearance hints at its purpose, improving readability.

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Writability

How easily a language creates programs for a chosen problem.

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Simplicity

Language might confuse programmers as they might not be familiar with them

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Orthogonality

A language where any primitive is legal

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Expressivity

Operators effectively allows a computation to be accomplished with a very small program

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Reliability

A program performs to its specifications under all conditions

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Too much orthogonality affect writability

A programming language characteristic where errors can go undetected when any combination of primitives is legal, which can lead to code absurdities that cannot be discovered by the compiler

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Visual Basic vs C

When creating programs Visual Basic is better with GUI, and C is better for operating systems

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Arduino IDE

An integrated development environment used for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.

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Blockly

A visual programming editor using drag-and-drop blocks for coding, created by Google.

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Evaluation Criteria

Criteria used to analyze the impact of programming languages on software development and maintenance.

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Software life-cycle

A concept that coding is a smaller part than maintenance.

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Feature Multiplicity

Having more than one way to perform a particular operation in a programming language.

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Feature Multiplicity

More than one way to accomplish a particular operation

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A field of computer science focused on creating machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.

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Embedding Programming Code

Using programming code, such as JavaScript or PHP, within an HTML document to create dynamic web content.

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Python (in AI)

A programming language used in AI applications and known for manipulating linked lists.

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Programming Environment

A collection of tools used in software development, including file systems, text editors, linkers, and compilers.

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Microsoft Visual Studio Code

A lightweight source code editor with built-in support for multiple languages and debugging.

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NetBeans

A free, open-source integrated development environment (IDE) for developing desktop, mobile, and web applications, with comprehensive support for Java, JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP.

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Dynamic Web Content

Websites' info needs computation capability, that is given by embedding programming code in an HTML text.

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Framework

Development environments that provide common parts of the application's code.

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Study Notes

  • A programming language is a formal notation system for writing computer programs and software
  • Here are milestones in programming languages throughout history

Milestones in Programming Languages

  • 1843: Ada Lovelace invented the first machine algorithm and made the leap that numbers could represent other things, leading to the idea of programming languages
  • 1940s: Konrad Zuse developed Plankalkül meaning program calculus for the Z4 using electromechanical relays
  • 1949: Kathleen Booth wrote the first assembly language to simplify machine code for instructions
  • 1952: William Schmitt implemented Shortcode to improve BINAC and UNIVAC computer operations.
  • 1952: Alick Glennie coined Autocode for a set of programming languages, which was developed for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester.
  • Autocode was the first compiled programming language that could be translated to machine code through a compiler
  • 1957: John Backus created Formula Translation (Fortran) to shorten programming, which is still used in supercomputers and scientific computations
  • 1958: Algorithmic Language (ALGOL) was created by American and European computer scientists. Origin for Pascal, Java, C, and C++.
  • 1958: John McCarthy created the List Processor (LISP) for AI applications, it is one of the oldest languages still used.
  • 1959: Dr. Grace Murray Hopper designed COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) for business programs, used by over 100 million people in banking today
  • 1964: Dartmouth College students created BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed it further, and became Microsoft's first product
  • 1970: Niklaus Wirth developed Pascal, named after Blaise Pascal. Apple endorsed it for its streamlined process.
  • 1972: Dennis Ritchie developed C at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, and Python are all derived from C.
  • 1972: Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlain developed SQL (Structured Query Language), originally SEQUEL, for modifying databases
  • 1983: Bjarne Stroustrup modified C into C++, adding templates, classes, and virtual functions
  • 1983: Brad Cox and Tom Love created Objective-C, the primary programming language used to create applications for Apple's iOS, macOS, and iPad operating systems
  • 1991: Guido Van Rossum founded Python as a high-level language for software developers for build control and management, and testing
  • 1991: Microsoft created Visual Basic (VB) which allows users to drag and drop code sections and choose from drop-down menus to change code.
  • 1995: James Gosling created Java for interactive TV and is used for coding web applications. Is multi-platform, object-oriented, and network-centric.
  • 1995: Brendan Eich created JavaScript used as websites scripting language, web development, PDF documents, and desktop widgets
  • 1995: Rasmus Lerdorf developed PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) to maintain web pages and server-side development. Facebook, Wikipedia, and WordPress use PHP

Programming Domains

  • Scientific Applications used Fortran on early digital computers
  • Business Applications used COBOL starting in the 1950s
  • Artificial Intelligence used LISP before 1990, and Python more recently
  • Web Software uses languages like JavaScript or PHP for dynamic web content

Programming Environments

  • Microsoft Visual Studio Code is used for building and debugging cloud applications with support for JavaScript, TypeScript, Node.js, Java, Python, C++, C#, PHP, and .NET
  • NetBeans is a free IDE for developing desktop, mobile, and web applications supporting JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP
  • Arduino IDE contains the different functions for coding, including a text editor, message area, text console, and toolbar
  • Blockly is a visual programming editor using drag-and-drop blocks made by Google

Programming Language Evaluation Criteria

  • Readability is the ease with which programs can be read and understood
  • Writability is the measure of how easily a language can be used to create programs
  • Reliability tests if a program performs to its specifications under all conditions

Characteristics that contribute to the readability of a programming language:

  • Simplicity: Impacts readability. Problems include feature multiplicity, operator overloading, and oversimplicity
  • Orthogonality: Change one thing without unseen effects. A lack of it leads to exceptions to the rules of the language
  • Data Types: The presence of facilities for defining data types helps readability
  • Syntax Design: Impacts readability. Examples are special words

Characteristics that contribute to the writability of a programming language:

  • Simplicity and Orthogonality: Too many constructs can lead to misuse. Too much can lead to code absurdities
  • Expressivity: Effective operators to make small programs

Language functions that affect the reliability:

  • Type Checking: Tests for the type of errors in a program during compiling or running
  • Exception Handling: The ability of the program to intercept runtime errors and take corrective measures
  • Aliasing: Occurs when there are two or more names that excess the same memory cell
  • Readability and Writability: If a language is hard to read, it is also likely to be incorrect

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