Week 6

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Questions and Answers

In a lever system, what constitutes the 'resistance point'?

  • The axis of motion around which the lever rotates.
  • The point on which the resistance (segment plus external weight) acts. (correct)
  • The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the force.
  • The point where effort is applied by the muscle.

Which of the following best describes the 'force arm' of a lever?

  • The length of the muscle creating the force.
  • The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the resistance.
  • The distance between the force point and the resistance point.
  • The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the force. (correct)

How are the three classes of levers distinguished from each other?

  • By the type of movement they produce.
  • By the relative arrangement of the force point, resistance point, and fulcrum. (correct)
  • By the length of the lever arm.
  • By the magnitude of force required to move a resistance.

In a first-class lever, where is the fulcrum located?

<p>At some location between the force point and the resistance point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a second-class lever?

<p>Wheelbarrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of third-class levers in the human body?

<p>They sacrifice force to produce distance and speed of movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mechanical advantage of a lever represent?

<p>The ratio of force arm length to resistance arm length. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a lever favor the application of force at the expense of speed?

<p>When the resistance arm is longer than the force arm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would be considered a violation of academic integrity during an exam, based on the provided guidelines?

<p>Wearing a hat during the examination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student feels unwell on the day of an exam. What is the correct procedure they should follow, according to the provided guidelines?

<p>Submit a Self Declaration Form within 48 hours, as per the BPK missed exam policy on Canvas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding biomechanical principles important for analyzing human movement?

<p>Because it allows for the application of mechanical laws to the locomotor system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a lever system, how is the mechanical advantage defined?

<p>The ratio of the force arm to the resistance arm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Newton's Laws of Motion is most relevant to understanding momentum?

<p>Newton's Second Law (F=ma). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes running from walking in terms of the human gait cycle?

<p>Running involves a flight phase, while walking includes a double support phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altering body position affect the center of gravity?

<p>It can raise, lower, or shift the center of gravity depending on the movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between work and power?

<p>Power is the rate at which work is done. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A weightlifter exerts a force of 1500 N to lift a barbell a distance of 2 meters. How much work has the weightlifter done?

<p>3000 J (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An athlete performs 1200 Joules of work in 4 seconds. What is the power output of the athlete?

<p>300 W (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of running is there a period when neither foot is in contact with the ground?

<p>Double float phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding ground contact during running compared to walking?

<p>Running involves a shorter stance phase relative to the total gait cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two factors determine running speed?

<p>Stride length and stride rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors most significantly influences stride length?

<p>Leg length and power of the stride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides speed of muscle contraction, what primarily influences leg speed (frequency) in running?

<p>Neuromuscular coordination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As running speed increases, how does foot contact typically change?

<p>The amount of foot contact becomes less (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application of biomechanical analyses would be MOST relevant to improving the comfort and efficiency of office workstations?

<p>Ergonomic redesign in the workplace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coach is observing an athlete's running form to identify areas for improvement without using any measurement tools. This type of analysis is BEST described as:

<p>Qualitative movement analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a weightlifter applies a force of 2000 N to a barbell over an area of 0.1 $m^2$, what is the pressure exerted on the barbell?

<p>20,000 N/$m^2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In biomechanics, which of the following forces is MOST likely involved in a fracture resulting from a twisting injury?

<p>Shear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the concept of 'tension' in biomechanical terms?

<p>The stress on a bone when pulling a heavy rope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a bicep curl, the elbow joint acts as the fulcrum. Where do the force and resistance act in this lever system?

<p>Force applied by the biceps, resistance from the weight in the hand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities relies MOST heavily on understanding the biomechanics of levers to maximize performance?

<p>Weightlifting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, how would you describe mechanical stress?

<p>The application of force over a given area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lever system has a force arm of 2 meters and a resistance arm of 4 meters. What is the mechanical advantage (MA) of this lever?

<p>0.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a lever system, if applying a force of 100 N results in lifting an object weighing 300 N, what type of lever is most likely in use and what is its approximate mechanical advantage?

<p>Second-class lever; MA = 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of a third-class lever?

<p>It always has a mechanical advantage less than 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The force arm of a lever is 0.5 meters and the applied force is 50 N. What is the torque produced?

<p>25 N∙m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is determining the center of gravity (CG) useful in biomechanics?

<p>It is important for stability and describing the movement of the body through space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In biomechanics, what does the 'moment arm' specifically refer to when calculating torque?

<p>The perpendicular distance between the force's line of action and the axis of rotation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using the reaction board method to determine the center of gravity, what does the formula Y = F2L/M calculate?

<p>The distance from a reference point to the center of gravity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles of balance and stability, what happens when the center of gravity (CG) passes outside the base of support?

<p>The body is off balance in that direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would result in a shift of a person's center of gravity (CG)?

<p>Holding a heavy object in one hand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person's center of gravity (CG) is located 2 cm anterior to their second sacral vertebra in anatomical position, and they then raise both arms overhead, what is the likely effect on their CG?

<p>The CG will shift superiorly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adjustments would most likely reduce the likelihood of losing balance when carrying a heavy object?

<p>Carrying the object close to the body's center of gravity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the size of the base of support contribute to stability?

<p>It provides a larger area within which the center of gravity can move without causing a loss of balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the location of the center of gravity (CG) important in the context of human movement and stability?

<p>It is the point around which the body's weight is equally distributed, influencing balance and stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions will NOT increase stability?

<p>Raising the height of the center of gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does horizontally positioning the CG near the edge of the base of support towards an oncoming external force enhance stability?

<p>It minimizes the moment arm, making it harder for the external force to disrupt balance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is vertically positioning the center of gravity (CG) as low as possible beneficial for stability?

<p>It minimizes the moment created by gravity when the body tilts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biomechanics

The application of mechanical laws to living structures, especially the locomotor system of the human body.

Lever

A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum) to exert force.

Fulcrum

The fixed point around which a lever pivots.

Force Arm

Distance from the fulcrum to the point where force is applied.

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Resistance point

Point where resistance is applied.

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Torque

The turning effect caused by a force; calculated as force x distance from the axis of rotation.

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Center of Gravity (COG)

The point around which an object's weight is equally balanced.

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Momentum

An object's resistance to change in motion; calculated as mass x velocity.

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Force Point (F)

The point where muscle force is applied to the lever.

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Resistance Point (R)

The point where resistance acts against the lever.

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Fulcrum (A)

The axis or pivot point around which the lever rotates.

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Force Arm (FA)

Perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of force.

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Resistance Arm (RA)

Perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of resistance.

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First-Class Lever

Fulcrum is between the force and resistance points.

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Second-Class Lever

Resistance point is between the fulcrum and the force point.

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Third-Class Lever

Force point is between the fulcrum and the resistance point; most common in the body.

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Biomechanics Applications

Using biomechanical principles to enhance athletic performance, prevent injuries, and improve equipment design.

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Qualitative Movement Analysis

A non-numerical description of movement, often used by coaches.

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Quantitative Movement Analysis

Analyzing movement numerically using data collected during the performance.

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Mass

The quantity of matter in an object.

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Force

Mass times acceleration (F=ma).

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Weight

Gravitational force exerted on a body.

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Pressure

Force distributed over an area (P=F/A).

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Mechanical Advantage (MA)

Ratio of force arm length to resistance arm length. Indicates force amplification or speed advantage.

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Force Lever

Lever where the force arm is longer than the resistance arm; favors force production.

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Speed Lever

Lever where the resistance arm is longer than the force arm; favors speed and range of motion.

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1st Class Lever

Lever where the axis is between the force and resistance. Can have MA = 1, > 1, or < 1

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2nd Class Lever

Lever where the resistance is between the axis and the force. MA is always > 1.

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3rd Class Lever

Lever where the force is between the axis and the resistance. MA is always < 1.

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Moment Arm

Perpendicular distance between the force's line of action and the axis of rotation.

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What is the Center of Gravity (CG)?

The point around which a body's weight is equally balanced.

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Why determine the CG?

Used for describing the movement of the body through space, stability, and calculating work done.

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Reaction Board Method

A method using a reaction board to find the CG in a static position, applying the principle of levers.

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Balance

Ability to control equilibrium.

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Stability

Firmness of balance.

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Maintaining Balance

CG must remain over the base of support.

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Increasing Stability

Increasing body mass, base of support, friction, positioning CG horizontally/vertically.

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Planes of CG

Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse lines.

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Work (definition)

Work is the force applied over a distance. Calculated as Force x Distance.

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Power (definition)

Power is the rate at which work is done. Calculated as Work / Time.

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Double Float Phase

A phase in running where both feet are off the ground simultaneously.

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Running Foot Contact

Running has no period where both feet contact the ground at the same time.

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Running Stance Phase

In running, the stance phase is a smaller portion of the gait cycle compared to walking.

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Running Speed Factors

Stride length multiplied by stride rate determines running speed.

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Stride Length Dependence

Primarily dependent on leg length and power of the stride.

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Leg Speed (Frequency) Dependence

Mostly dependent on speed of muscle contraction and neuromuscular coordination (skill) in running.

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Related Documents

Biomechanics Lecture Notes PDF

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