The Preschool and School-Aged Child NP03L006 ELO C / Version 2.0 2023
135 Questions
21 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What developmental task involves preparing to enter school for a preschool child?

  • Increase in communication skills (correct)
  • Acceptance of separation
  • Control of body functions
  • Development of a cooperative type of play

    • Which term describes viewing everything in reference to oneself?

  • Animism
  • Egocentrism (correct)
  • Centering
  • Artificialism

    • What is the expected weight of a child who weighed 20 lbs at 1 year by their fifth birthday?

  • 35 lbs
  • 40 lbs (correct)
  • 60 lbs
  • 50 lbs

    • At what age does visual acuity typically reach 20/20 for most preschool children?

    <p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by involuntary urination after the age when bladder control should be established?

    <p>Enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a slowing in the physical growth process during preschool years?

    <p>Increase in height of about 3 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects?

    <p>Animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major developmental task involves an increase in a child's communication skills?

    <p>Preparation to enter school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate safety instruction for school-age children regarding water activities?

    <p>Swim with a companion and check water depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is suitable for school-age children?

    <p>Cooking simple meals with supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective approach to teaching children about stranger safety?

    <p>Instruct them not to go with strangers and speak up if uncomfortable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline should a nurse provide for school-aged children regarding competitive sports?

    <p>Caution against participation in hazardous sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suitable play option for toddlers or preschool children?

    <p>Stuffed animals and simple toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior among preschool children that is considered normal and harmless?

    <p>Masturbation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should parents respond to their child's masturbation behavior?

    <p>Educate them about sexuality in a calm manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bedtime practice is recommended for preschool children?

    <p>Establish calming bedtime rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to express thoughts through longer sentences?

    <p>Three years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is a hallmark of four-year-olds during playtime?

    <p>Pretend play with imaginary friends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What development is typical of three-year-old children regarding social interactions?

    <p>Enjoying parallel and associative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common fear among preschool children?

    <p>Fear of bodily harm or loss of body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do five-year-olds typically feel about their responsibilities?

    <p>Enjoying performing expected tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cognitive development change for children aged 3 to 4 years regarding the concept of death?

    <p>Curiosity and direct questions about death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity is advisable when a child displays negative behavior?

    <p>Distract the child with another activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of setting limits for children's behavior?

    <p>It provides a sense of security and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of four-year-olds regarding their communication?

    <p>Having a vocabulary of about 1500 words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does hand preference typically develop in children?

    <p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do preschool-aged children typically respond to their possessions being taken?

    <p>They exhibit anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to explain masturbation to preschoolers?

    <p>Discuss it in a casual and nonthreatening manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pulse rate for children?

    <p>90-110 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with the intuitive thought stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the concept of centering in preschool cognitive development?

    <p>Concentrating on a singular characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical language development milestone for a 3-year-old child?

    <p>Uses 3 words to express ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of play development involves imitation of daily activities?

    <p>Imitative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the preoperational phase cover?

    <p>2 to 7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'animism' refer to in preschool cognitive development?

    <p>Attributing life to inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should guide parents in teaching sexual education to young children?

    <p>Assess knowledge before providing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a good approach to handling a child's sexual curiosity according to best practices?

    <p>Be honest and accurate at their level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of typical respiratory rate for preschool-age children?

    <p>20-25 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play becomes prominent by the age of 5, showcasing a child's imagination?

    <p>Dramatic play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of speech development might cause anxiety in children?

    <p>Stuttering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary side effect of imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil)?

    <p>Mood and sleep disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is imipramine hydrochloride administered before bedtime?

    <p>To specifically address nighttime enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended factor for selecting an appropriate preschool?

    <p>Availability of transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern regarding daily care for preschoolers?

    <p>Simple hairstyles are preferable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play is predominantly encouraged for preschool-aged children?

    <p>Noncompetitive play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can nurses contribute to the psychological well-being of hospitalized children?

    <p>Through play therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is essential for accident prevention in preschool children?

    <p>Direct supervision during play activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which play activity is considered beneficial for preschool children's physical development?

    <p>Climbing on a jungle gym</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate action for nurses regarding play during health and illness?

    <p>Facilitate play to relieve stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk during preschool years as it relates to accidents?

    <p>Fire hazards from matches or lighters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the clothing of preschoolers be designed?

    <p>Loose and simple for easy movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a focus when helping families select a preschool?

    <p>Distance from the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of play often indicates that a preschool child might be feeling lonely?

    <p>Imaginary friends and playmates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential regarding dietary concerns for preschool children?

    <p>Reinforce a healthy, well-balanced diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for a holistic attitude toward child care?

    <p>Emphasizing artistic expression and creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does not influence the school-aged child's development?

    <p>Social media presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average height increase in school-age children per year?

    <p>5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much weight do school-aged children typically gain per year?

    <p>2.5 to 3.2 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common experience for school-aged children when adapting to school?

    <p>They compete for adult attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered a normal behavior in six-year-olds?

    <p>They often have difficulty making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dental change begins around age 6?

    <p>Loss of primary teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical emotional characteristic of children aged 6-12 regarding physical affection?

    <p>They enjoy limited physical affection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of the school nurse regarding latchkey children?

    <p>To offer information on quality after-school care programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of play is important for the growth of school-aged children?

    <p>Play is a tool for learning self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the heart size of a school-age child compare to their body size?

    <p>It grows slower and is smaller in proportion to body size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor plays a significant role in a child's gender role development?

    <p>Parental treatment and identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant challenge for children in school?

    <p>Adapting to different teacher expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors may indicate regression in a child?

    <p>Thumb sucking or clinging behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes androgyny in gender roles?

    <p>Incorporation of both masculine and feminine qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should parents avoid to effectively manage children's behavior?

    <p>Inconsistency in discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of sex education is crucial for children?

    <p>To answer questions at their level of understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does moral development occur in school-aged children?

    <p>From understanding and experiencing rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about time-out periods is correct?

    <p>Time-outs involve the child sitting in a straight chair facing a corner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does consistent discipline impact child behavior?

    <p>It helps the child learn acceptable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the play activities of school-aged children?

    <p>Emphasize social interaction and skill development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a normal occurrence for young boys?

    <p>Erections and nocturnal emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often observed in the behavior of six-year-olds regarding their peers?

    <p>A strong desire to conform to peer expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a bribe from a reward in behavior management?

    <p>Bribes are offered after an incident to reinforce bad behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of sex education programs according to SIECUS?

    <p>The establishment of values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to increased jealousy among children?

    <p>Parental care toward a new sibling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typical of six-year-olds' physical development?

    <p>They experience the eruption of their first molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has been linked to high risks of obesity in school-aged children?

    <p>Sedentary activities and habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the environment play in a school-aged child's development?

    <p>It is critical, including home and community factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract affect school-aged children?

    <p>It enhances stomach capacity and reduces upsets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a potential cause of enuresis?

    <p>Excessive positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical behavior change occurs in children around the age of 6 regarding their social interactions?

    <p>They prefer to play and socialize with friends of their own sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should thumb sucking be allowed before it may affect dental health?

    <p>Until the permanent teeth erupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of primary enuresis?

    <p>It involves a child who has never been dry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is an example of role modeling for children?

    <p>Having children do simple chores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a negative consequence of using power and authority in discipline?

    <p>It can damage a child's self-worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of managing a child with enuresis?

    <p>Educating the family on prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sucking is associated with several documented benefits in infants?

    <p>Nonnutritive sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the nurse primarily consider when guiding parents in the selection of toys for a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder?

    <p>Motor ability and mental age of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is play with other children necessary for supervision in children with neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>They may not recognize boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies can help reduce jealousy in children with new siblings?

    <p>Involving them in infant care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when setting time-out periods?

    <p>The duration should be one minute per year of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity can be considered therapeutic play for a postoperative preschool child?

    <p>Blowing out a flashlight like a candle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of child development is highlighted by Erikson's stage of industry in school-age children?

    <p>Thirst for knowledge and accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about spanking as a discipline method?

    <p>It can cause physical or psychological harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of play therapy in children?

    <p>To allow free expression of feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In children with neurodevelopmental disorders, why is repetition of play experiences important?

    <p>To help them learn how to play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the age of 10, how do school-age children's views about life events change?

    <p>They realize events can be uncontrollable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for effective communication with school-age children?

    <p>Understanding their perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to play and art therapy principles, what is a significant benefit of art therapy?

    <p>Aiding in the expression of feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized regarding safety in the preschool-age child?

    <p>Childproofing the home environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is suggested for managing behavioral patterns in preschool-age children?

    <p>Emphasizing time-out as discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should caregivers provide for a hospitalized preschool-aged child to ease fear?

    <p>Age-appropriate activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive development change occurs from preschool-age to school-age in children?

    <p>Shift from fantasy to factual engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of school-age children, what does Piaget refer to when discussing concrete operations?

    <p>Logical thinking and understanding causality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of language use at this developmental stage?

    <p>Purposeful communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social dynamic begins to emerge around the age of seven?

    <p>Preference for same-gender friendships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What development is noted with the physical growth of the eight-year-old?

    <p>Faster growth of arms compared to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activities are nine-year-olds most skilled at?

    <p>Manual tasks requiring hand-eye coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality traits are commonly observed in eleven and twelve-year-olds?

    <p>Intense, observant, and argumentative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do girls generally begin to show more physical maturity than boys?

    <p>Age 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional response of children around the age of nine towards adult authority?

    <p>Resistance to authority that contradicts group opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What importance do chores have for children according to developmental guidance?

    <p>They foster feelings of responsibility and self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of sleep are generally needed by nine-year-olds?

    <p>10 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social behavior is notable among children as they enter preadolescence?

    <p>Emergence of sexual curiosity and interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant physical development noted before the onset of puberty in children?

    <p>Eruption of permanent teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the ten-year-old child in terms of behavior?

    <p>Resistance to suggestions but seeks independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do school health programs serve in relation to children's health?

    <p>Promoting health and counseling parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of healthy eating habits for a school-age child?

    <p>Offering variety of nutritious foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant psychosocial concern that can affect the development of school-age children?

    <p>Divorce and domestic violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the cognitive abilities of school-age children?

    <p>They can classify and hold concepts in their minds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pets play in the lives of school-age children according to recent studies?

    <p>Pets provide socialization opportunities and emotional support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National School Lunch Program aim to achieve?

    <p>Ensure meals meet specific nutritional standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the age appropriateness of sex education for fifth graders?

    <p>They are too young for discussions about physiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about school-age children's physical development is correct?

    <p>They typically gain about 3 kg per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the nurse emphasize when planning activities for a hospitalized 7-year-old child?

    <p>Incorporating creative and engaging play activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of peer group formation among children aged 9 to 10 years?

    <p>It is a hallmark of social development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should certain pets be avoided for families with children?

    <p>They can transmit diseases and are less likely to be vaccinated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for addressing children's questions about sex education?

    <p>Encourage curiosity and provide accurate information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important component of school-age children's play with family members?

    <p>Active play is vital for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What growth pattern is typical for children between ages 6 to 12?

    <p>Consistent height growth of about 2 inches per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Terms

    • Animism: Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
    • Artificialism: Belief that everything is created by people.
    • Centering: Concentrating on a single aspect of an object.
    • Egocentrism: Viewing everything in reference to oneself.
    • Enuresis: Involuntary urination after the age at which bladder control should have been established.
    • Stuttering: A disorder in the rhythm of speech.

    The Preschool Child

    • The preschool child is between the ages of 3 to 5 years old.
    • Physical growth slows down.
    • Motor, social, and cognitive abilities refine, allowing the child to be successful during school years.
    • Major developmental tasks include preparation for school, cooperative play, control of body functions, acceptance of separation, increased communication skills, memory development, and attention span growth.

    Physical Development

    • Weight: Doubles the 1-year weight by age 5.
    • Height: Grows taller and loses baby fat, with an increase of about 3 inches mostly in the legs.
    • Visual acuity: 20/40 around 3 years but may develop to 20/20 by 5 years.
    • Teeth: All 20 primary teeth have erupted.
    • Hand preference: Develops by 3 years, forcing it can cause frustration.
    • Appetite: Fluctuates widely.
    • Pulse rate: Normal is 90-110 bpm.
    • Respiration rate: About 20.
    • Blood pressure: Systolic about 85-90 and diastolic about 60.
    • Muscle control: Good control for vigorous play, swinging, jumping and steadier walking.

    Cognitive Development

    • Preoperational phase: Ages 2 to 7, divided into two stages:
      • Preconceptual stage (2 to 4 years):
        • Increasing development of language and symbolic functioning.
        • Symbolic functioning seen in pretend play (e.g., box as a fort). - Egocentrism: Difficulty seeing others' viewpoints.
        • Animism: Attributing life to inanimate objects.
        • Artificialism: Belief that people created everything.
      • Intuitive thought stage (4 to 7 years):
        • Prelogical thinking (e.g., not understanding different glass sizes holding same volume).
        • Learning through questions ("Why?" and "How come?").
        • "Intuitive thought" due to certainty without understanding how knowledge was gained.
        • Centering: Focusing on one characteristic of an object (e.g., color over shape).

    Cultural Practices

    • Cultural practices can influence the development of a sense of initiative, especially with authoritarian parenting styles.
    • Bilingual environments help children adapt quickly to different languages and cultural practices.
    • Cultural dietary preferences are discussed in Chapter 15 (Table 15.6).

    Language Development

    • Normal development depends on sight, hearing, understanding, memory, social interaction, and oral motor skills.
    • Stuttering can lead to anxiety and social phobia, often improving by school age.
    • Speech therapy is helpful, but the approach differs for adolescents.
    • Language skills are essential for academic success.
    • Stressors can cause language delays or problems.
    • Typically, the number of words in a sentence should equal the child's age by age 5.
    • Children with difficulty expressing themselves may exhibit tantrums and acting out behavior.

    Development of Play

    • Around 2 to 3 years of age: Imitating daily activities of adults.
    • By 4 years of age: Developing broader themes for play.
    • By 5 years of age: Demonstrating imagination through complex pretend play (e.g., trip to the moon).
    • Play helps explore roles and emotional outlets.
    • Limit noneducational screen time to 1 hour daily with high-quality programming and parents (AAP, 2016).

    Spiritual Development

    • Children cannot understand abstract concepts at this age.
    • Their concept of God is concrete, often treated as an invisible friend.
    • They can memorize Bible stories and rituals, but their understanding of the concepts is limited.

    Sexual Curiosity

    • Nurses should guide parents on sexual education.
    • Principles of teaching and learning:
      • Assess the child's current knowledge and what specific information they're seeking.
      • Be honest and accurate at the child's level of understanding.
      • Use correct terminology to avoid misinformation.
      • Provide education when the child asks questions, as it indicates readiness.
      • Help parents understand that sexual curiosity starts with anatomical differences and progresses.
      • Preschoolers are matter-of-fact about sexual exploration. Approach masturbation or "playing doctor" positively with guidance rather than discipline.

    Masturbation

    • Common in both genders during preschool years.
    • Harmless if the child is outgoing, sociable, and not preoccupied with the activity.
    • Explain to parents that it's a normal form of sexual curiosity.
    • Discourage punitive reactions.
    • Encourage parents to ignore the behavior and distract the child.
    • Teach that it's not acceptable in public, but in a nonthreatening manner.

    Bedtime Habits

    • Important to develop and reinforce healthy habits.
    • Engage the child in quiet activities before bedtime.
    • Maintain specific bedtime rituals (e.g., storytelling).
    • Use night-lights, favorite toys, or water at bedside.
    • Consider cultural bedtime rituals.

    Physical, Mental, Emotional, and Social Development

    • Three-year-olds:
      • Helpful, assisting with chores, following directions, dressing themselves.
      • Longer sentences, expressing thoughts, asking questions.
      • Parallel and associative play.
      • Enjoy time away from parents but want them nearby.
      • More fears than infants or older children due to increased intelligence, memory, and independence.
      • Fears: bodily harm, loss of body parts, trucks, crossing the street.
      • Angry when possessions are taken.
      • Sensitive and easily hurt.
    • Four-year-olds:
      • More aggressive, showing off motor skills, eager to be seen as superior.
      • Boisterous, tattling, may start swearing if exposed to it.
      • Interested in relationships between people.
      • Vocabulary expands to about 1500 words.
      • Imaginative, pretending to be adults.
      • Prefer same-sex playmates.
      • Enjoy music and simple instruments.
    • Concept of Death (3-4 years):
      • Begin to wonder about death and dying.
      • May pretend to be heroes or witness animal deaths.
      • Direct questions.
      • Family's views influence their interpretation.
      • Encourage questions and help them accept the truth with less fear.
    • Five-year-olds:
      • Comfortable age.
      • More responsible, enjoying doing what's expected, more patient, wanting to finish tasks.
      • Serious about abilities and limits.
      • Talkative and inquisitive.
      • Want to do things correctly and seek answers.
      • Not outstanding physical growth.
      • May begin to lose deciduous teeth.
      • Should not be criticized for not meeting adult standards.
      • Learn to do tasks independently.
      • Better comprehension of TV or computer screens than younger children.
      • Screen time shouldn't interfere with healthy habits, sleep, meals, and physical activity.

    Guidance

    Discipline and Limit Setting

    • Purpose: Teach and shift control from parents to the child (self-discipline).
    • Children need limits for their behavior:
      • Security.
      • Protection from danger.
      • Relief from making decisions they're too young for.
    • Encourage consistent discipline to avoid confusion for the child.
    • Good behavior modeling helps make friends and develop self-esteem.
    • Discipline methods vary across cultures, socioeconomic groups, and families.

    Timing the Time-Out

    • Time-out periods: Effective technique, lasting 1 minute per year of age, sitting in a chair facing a corner.
    • Clear warnings are necessary before implementing time-out.
    • Spankings are ineffective and harmful.
    • Preserve the child's self-worth.
    • Consistency is key to learning acceptable behavior.

    Rewards

    • Positive and effective method of discipline.
    • Examples: hugs, smiles, praise.
    • Don't confuse rewards with bribes. Bribes reinforce bad behavior.

    Consistency and Role Modeling

    • Consistency needed between parents and within each parent.
    • Establish a general style for punishment: what, when, how, and to what degree.
    • Erratic discipline leads to increased behavioral difficulties.
    • Modeling good behavior: children imitate adults, both verbally and nonverbally.
    • Teaches self-sufficiency and responsibility.
    • Children doing chores builds self-esteem. Examples: setting the table, sorting laundry, picking up toys.

    Jealousy

    • Normal response to perceived loss of affection.
    • Stronger in children under 5.
    • Shown in various ways (e.g., hitting siblings, acting out).
    • Less jealousy in only children.
    • Parents can help by addressing individual occurrences:
      • Involve the child in caring for the infant.
      • Separate children if hitting occurs.
      • Reassure children that they're loved.

    Thumb Sucking

    • Instinctual and normal.
    • Cause not fully understood, satisfies and comforts infants.
    • Pacifiers cause fewer dental problems than fingers and are easier to relinquish.
    • Safe pacifier use: cleanliness, discontinue before permanent teeth erupt.
    • Praise and encourage child trying to quit.
    • Guide parents to relieve anxiety and prevent emotional problems.

    Enuresis

    • Involuntary urination after the age of bladder control.
    • Two types:
      • Primary enuresis: Never been dry.
      • Secondary enuresis: Wetting again after being dry for at least a year.
    • Diurnal/daytime wetting is less common than nocturnal/nighttime episodes.
    • More common in boys. Possible genetic influence (chromosomes 12 and 13).
    • Organic causes: urinary tract infections, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, seizure disorders, obstructive uropathy, urinary tract abnormalities, sleep disorders.
    • Inappropriate early toilet training can lead to enuresis.
    • Stress can trigger bedwetting.
    • Treatment and nursing care:
      • Detailed physical and psychological history.
      • Investigate current medications.
      • Educate and support the family to prevent emotional problems.
      • Provide reassurance and support.

    Enuresis Management

    • Focus on the child's needs when creating a management program.
    • Utilize counseling, hypnosis, behavior modification, or pharmacotherapy if routine management fails.
    • Desmopressin hydroacetate diminishes nighttime urine production.
    • Desmopressin is a tablet taken before bedtime and can be tapered and discontinued gradually after 6 months.
    • Imipramine hydrochloride can help decrease enuresis if taken before bedtime.
    • Side effects of Imipramine hydrochloride include sleep and mood disturbances, gastrointestinal upset, and potential cardiac dysrhythmias with overdose.

    ### Preschool Growth and Development

    • Transitioning from home to preschool signifies a major step towards independence.
    • Nurses can guide parents in choosing a preschool that aligns with their child's needs.
    • Structured preschool activities support group cooperation and coping skill development.
    • A positive preschool experience boosts self-confidence and self-esteem.
    • Licensed, accredited preschools with qualified teachers, appropriate staff-to-student ratios, and a focus on safety, hygiene, and play are important for children.
    • Preschoolers need daily baths, regular shampooing, and simple hairstyles.
    • Children should be encouraged to dress themselves, with easily accessible clothing.
    • Preschoolers should wear sturdy, supportive shoes and protective gear when engaging in play activities.
    • Accidental injuries are still a significant risk from 3 to 5 years old.
    • Supervise preschool children carefully to prevent exposure to potential dangers, including burns from matches and lighters, poisoning from accessible pills and substances, and interactions with strangers.

    ### Play

    • Play is essential for the physical, mental, emotional, and social development of both healthy and sick children.
    • Play therapy is crucial in pediatric nursing care plans.
    • Nurses can facilitate play activities that reduce stress and provide enjoyment, considering the child's health and limitations.
    • Safety is paramount when selecting toys; avoid complicated toys that may frustrate children.
    • Nurses can engage children with nursery rhymes, stories, games, songs, puppets, or scrapbooks during procedures.
    • Preschoolers need playmates for healthy social development, moving from parallel and associative play to cooperative play with peers.
    • Play should be noncompetitive and can include active activities like climbing, sliding, and running.
    • Imaginary friends are common and serve various purposes during the preschool period.
    • Children with neurodevelopmental, sensory, or motor disorders require more stimulation through play.
    • Play with peers should be supervised due to potential judgment errors.
    • Therapeutic play can aid muscle retraining, eye-hand coordination, and movement development.
    • Play therapy provides a safe space for children under stress to express themselves and a therapist can observe and understand their feelings and challenges.
    • Art therapy facilitates communication and expression for children through drawing, clay, and other mediums.

    ### Nursing Implications

    • Parents often express concerns about nutritional fluctuation in preschoolers.
    • Safety is a high priority in preschoolers' active age range.
    • Preschool children may have unfounded fears that require parental reassurance and protection rather than logical explanation.
    • Nurses should provide parental guidance on managing the changing behavior patterns of preschoolers, emphasizing time-outs and alternative discipline methods over corporal punishment.
    • Consistent caregivers and age-appropriate diversionary activities are essential for hospitalized preschoolers.
    • Detailed observations and charting are crucial for targeted interventions.

    ### School-Aged Child

    • School-aged children (6 to 12 years old) show a stronger interest in factual knowledge and are capable of more complex reasoning than preschoolers.
    • School readiness requires attention span, language comprehension, and development of reading and writing skills.
    • School-aged children have a strong desire to learn and achieve.
    • Erikson describes this stage as "industry," where children strive to master activities they enjoy, like music, sports, and art.
    • A sense of inferiority may develop if children fail to adapt successfully during this stage.
    • School-aged children's leadership abilities and social acceptance are influenced by environmental control skills.
    • A positive self-concept develops through their acquisition of productivity, self-direction, and social acceptance.
    • Sexuality is repressed, leading to same-sex friendships during this period, with children assuming leadership or follower roles.
    • Parents and teachers have a significant influence on a child's self-image during this stage.
    • Piaget refers to the concrete operational thought process during this period.
    • School-aged children develop logical thinking and an understanding of cause and effect, allowing them to consider multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.
    • While abstract reasoning emerges, their thinking is still grounded in personal experiences.
    • Egocentrism diminishes, allowing children to understand the perspectives of others.
    • By age 10, children grasp the uncontrollable nature of events like death and begin to consider spirituality and the origins of the world.
    • School-aged children generally prefer friends of the same gender and favor peer company over siblings.
    • They are less comfortable with outward displays of affection but still enjoy parental closeness.

    ### Physical Development

    • Growth slows until the pre-pubertal spurt.
    • Weight gain exceeds height increase, with an average weight gain of 2.5 to 3.2 kg per year.
    • The average height increase is 5 cm per year.
    • Head circumference growth slows, reaching 20-21 inches, and the brain reaches adult size by 12 years old.
    • Muscular coordination improves, but skeletal growth may be faster than muscle and ligament growth, giving the child a "gangling" appearance.
    • Facial structures change with jaw lengthening.
    • Sinus infections are common.
    • The first permanent teeth (6-year molars) erupt, and primary teeth begin shedding around age 6.
    • Gastrointestinal development progresses, leading to less frequent stomach upset.
    • Stomach capacity increases, but caloric needs are lower than during preschool years.
    • Heart growth is slow, and the heart becomes smaller relative to body size.
    • Sense organ capabilities, particularly eyes and ears, play a crucial role in learning abilities.
    • Vital signs approach adult levels.
    • Boys are typically taller and heavier than girls until puberty begins, and individual variations among children widen during middle childhood.
    • Body proportion changes prepare children for common school activities.
    • Size is not indicative of emotional maturity, and expecting more from larger children can create challenges.
    • Sedentary habits in school-aged children increase the risk of obesity and cardiovascular issues later in life.

    ### Sexual Development

    • Sex organs remain immature during school years, but interest in gender differences increases as puberty approaches.
    • Gender roles are significantly influenced by parental behavior and identification.
    • Androgynous gender roles, incorporating both masculine and feminine characteristics, promote healthy interpersonal relationships by combining assertiveness and sensitivity.
    • Simple explanations, tailored to their understanding, should be provided to children when they ask questions about sex.
    • Boys need to be prepared for erections and nocturnal emissions (wet dreams), which are normal and not necessarily related to masturbation.
    • Girls need to be prepared for menarche and equipped with necessary supplies.
    • Private masturbation is a normal, healthy behavior for both genders, and it does not have adverse effects.
    • Sex education, covering topics of sex and drugs, is essential at home and school.
    • School nurses can participate in designing sex education programs, and parental involvement is valuable.
    • The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) advocates for sex education programs encompassing biological, social, health, personal adjustment, interpersonal association, and value-based perspectives.
    • Education about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, should be provided in straightforward language.
    • Clear instructions on saying "no" to sex and drugs are important for preadolescents.

    ### Influences on School-Aged Child

    • A holistic approach to child care focuses not only on academic achievement but also on artistic expression, creativity, joy, cooperation, responsibility, industry, love, and other attributes.
    • Nurses should encourage and validate the individuality of children and support parents in sharing their pride in their children's growth.
    • Children's environment—home, school, neighborhood, daycare, summer programs—all influence their development.
    • Schools contribute significantly to the socialization of children, who bring their home experiences to the classroom.
    • Nurses should remember that not all children come from supportive, financially secure families.
    • Moral development occurs as children learn about and understand rules and fairness.
    • Children derive their understanding of right and wrong and develop their values through life experiences.

    ### School-Related Tasks

    • School-aged children adapt to different teacher expectations.
    • They compete with peers for adult attention.
    • They learn to accept criticism constructively without damaging self-esteem.
    • They reconcile peer values with family values.
    • They seek fulfillment in school achievements.
    • They participate in group activities.
    • They master self-control and deal with prejudice from others positively.

    ### Patient Teaching

    • Understand the normal growth and development of 5- to 6-year-olds.
    • Anticipate potential regression, such as thumb sucking, clinging, and occasional toileting accidents.

    Preparing Children for School

    • Parents should encourage children to share their expectations about school.
    • Arrange for children to interact with other new students.
    • Conduct a tour of the school with the child.
    • Teach children safety procedures for crossing the street, interacting with strangers, and recognizing "blue star homes" (community-designated safe havens for children).
    • Organize enough time in the morning for school preparation.
    • Provide an encouraging send-off.
    • Instruct the child on how to contact a neighbor or relative in case of an emergency.
    • Accompany the child to school until they know the route or designate a bus stop.
    • Show interest in the child's school life by listening to their experiences.
    • Get to know the child's teacher and engage with the school.
    • Inform the teacher about any unusual stress in the child's life.

    The Importance of Play

    • Play is essential for children's growth and development, bridging childhood spontaneity and adulthood's disciplined activities.
    • Factors to assess during playtime include:
      • Motivation and intensity of engagement
      • Whether the child initiated or joined the group
      • Relation to reality or creativity
      • The child's ability to choose how to play
      • Self-control
      • Following or changing rules
      • Sharing—giving and receiving cues from others
      • Skills employed in the play activity
    • Factors limiting play's effectiveness include adult intervention, limited space, and the presence of a dominant older or interfering younger player.

    Latchkey Children

    • "Latchkey children" are those left unsupervised after school due to parents being absent or unavailable extended family.
    • Many latchkey children may not participate in after-school activities and struggle to identify with a group.
    • School nurses can provide important information about the needs of school-aged children and available after-school care programs.

    Physical, Mental, Emotional, and Social Development

    The Six-Year-Old

    • Six-year-olds are energetic and constantly on the move.
    • They initiate tasks but may not finish them due to short attention spans.
    • They exhibit bossiness, occasional rudeness, language experimentation, and sensitivity to criticism.
    • They possess active consciences but struggle with decision-making.
    • They lose their baby teeth and develop their permanent first molars.
    • They use language purposefully and have a vocabulary of about 2,500 words.
    • They require 11 to 13 hours of sleep per night.
    • They generally play with both genders, although they start to prefer associating with their own gender.
    • They enjoy collecting objects like shells, leaves, or stones.

    The Seven-Year-Old

    • Seven-year-olds are calmer compared to six-year-olds.
    • They set high expectations for themselves and their families.
    • They have a good sense of humor.
    • They may develop "crushes" on friends of the opposite sex.
    • Active play remains important for both genders.
    • They exhibit growing independence and imagine themselves performing adventurous feats.

    The Eight-Year-Old

    • Eight-year-olds want to participate in everything and can play alone for longer periods.
    • They enjoy group activities and prefer companions of the same sex.
    • They become interested in group trends.
    • They may behave better for company than for their family.
    • They demonstrate hero worship.
    • They experience accelerated arm and hand growth, leading to better developed muscles and smoother movements.
    • They can write instead of print and understand the passage of time associated with special events.

    The Nine-Year-Old

    • Nine-year-olds are reliable, show more interest in family activities, take responsibility for personal belongings and younger siblings, and are more likely to complete tasks.
    • They resist adult authority that conflicts with their group's views.
    • They are more receptive to criticism for their actions.
    • Individual differences are pronounced.
    • Worries and minor compulsions are common.
    • Nervous habits (tics) may appear and vary in severity.
    • Hand-eye coordination is well-developed, and manual activities are performed skillfully.
    • They dedicate themselves to work and play and may become overly tired.
    • They require around 10 hours of sleep per night.
    • Their permanent teeth are still erupting.
    • Popular activities include competitive sports, reading, listening to music, watching television, playing online computer games, and texting.
    • Boys develop more muscle mass than girls as puberty approaches; therefore, competitive contact sports should have separate teams for boys and girls.

    Preadolescence

    The Ten-Year-Old
    • Age 10 marks the beginning of preadolescence. Girls are physically more mature than boys.
    • They exhibit self-direction, courtesy towards adults, and thoughtful consideration of social issues and biases.
    • They desire independence, resent being told what to do, but are open to suggestions.
    • Group opinions are more important than individual ones.
    • Interest in sex and sexual curiosity persist.
    • Girls typically display more poise than boys. Both genders are reliable with household tasks.
    • They identify themselves with skills related to their gender roles and tend to be intolerant of the opposite sex.
    • They pay more attention to their appearance.
    • Sending text messages to friends is important.
    Eleven- and Twelve-Year-Olds
    • Eleven- and twelve-year-olds are characterized as intense, observant, knowledgeable, energetic, meddlesome, and argumentative.
    • The period before the onset of puberty is one of disorganization. This period begins earlier in some children, and the onset and pace of physical maturity vary widely.
    • The body's hormones begin influencing physical growth before the end of this period. Posture can be poor.
    • They have 24 to 26 permanent teeth.
    • They have an abundance of energy and are constantly active. Girls may adopt tomboyish behaviors.
    • They focus on their bodies and watch for signs of maturity. Girls look forward to menstruation and wearing a bra. Boys and girls may tend to avoid the opposite sex while remaining conscious of them. Teasing each other is common.
    • Guiding preadolescents is challenging. They require freedom within limits and recognition that they are no longer infants.
    • They should understand the reasoning behind their parents' decisions.

    Chores as Teaching Tools

    • Chores help children develop responsibility, feel valued within the family, and boost self-esteem.
    • Age-appropriate chores for preschoolers include:
      • Setting the table
      • Sorting laundry by color
      • Making their beds
      • Watering plants
    • Age-appropriate chores for school-aged children include:
      • Loading the washing machine or dryer
      • Taking out the trash
      • Caring for pets
    • Teenagers can mow or rake the lawn for their family or others.
    • Nurses can refer parents to websites for suggestions on age-appropriate chores.

    Guidance

    Health Examinations

    • Physical examinations are recommended in the spring before school admission to allow time for addressing any issues found.
    • Booster immunizations are provided as needed.
    • Children's teeth are examined, and dental work is complete.
    • Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are crucial during the eruption of permanent teeth.

    School Health Programs

    • Most school systems provide health maintenance and promotion programs.

    • Nurses and other professionals involved in these programs can counsel parents.

    • They cater to the needs of disabled children enrolled in their schools..

    • Comprehensive health histories provide nurses with valuable information.

    • The eating habits of school-aged children should be generally healthy:

      • Offering a variety of nourishing foods
      • Accommodating food preferences
      • Emphasizing a nutritious breakfast (the federal government supports school breakfast programs in several areas)
      • Utilizing the National School Lunch Program
      • Utilizing summer lunch programs that meet specific nutritional standards

    • Engaging in active play with family members is important for school-aged children.

    • Divorce, separation, domestic violence, and neighborhood gangs can negatively impact children's development.

    • School nurses can facilitate appropriate referrals to community agencies.

    Pet Ownership

    • Common in families with children.
    • Children over seven years of age can be responsible for caring for a family pet.
    • Pets that have close contact with children can potentially transmit diseases.
    • Immunocompromised children are vulnerable to illnesses spread by animals.
    • Studies demonstrate the positive effects of pet ownership on medical and psychological recovery after illness or surgery.
    • Disabled children especially benefit from interacting with pets, as it can lower blood pressure and heart rate, reduce loneliness, improve communication, build trust, and encourage physical therapy participation.
    • Pets provide companionship and acceptance to ill children feeling isolated from others.
    • Shy children often find it easier to socialize with others who engage with their pets.
    • Birds, rodents, turtles, and reptiles are not recommended pets due to the lack of screening for pathogens, limited vaccines, and higher chances of transmitting diseases.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser