Untitled Quiz

BIOL 223A - 002 - In-Class Final Exam Review

• Marathon Runner in Hot Weather: Drinking excessive water in hot conditions can cause cell lysis (rupture).

• Cornea Transplantation: Corneas are easy to transplant due to their avascular nature and accessibility.

• Spinal Nerve Distribution: Spinal nerves are distributed as follows: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral, plus 1 coccygeal.

• Abdominal Muscles: The rectus abdominis originates from the pubic crest and symphysis pubis.

• Facial Wrinkles: The orbicularis oculi muscle causes crow's feet wrinkles.

• Isometric Contraction: Isometric contractions increase tension without changing muscle length.

• Refractory Period: Refractory periods are times when tissues cannot respond again.

• Incomplete Tetanus: Incomplete tetanus refers to a condition where muscle fibers only partially relax between contractions.

• Acetylcholinesterase Deficiency: Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft leads to continuous muscle contraction.

• Ligand-Gated Sodium Channels: Binding of acetylcholine to receptors triggers depolarization by opening ligand-gated sodium channels.

• 80-Year-Old Patient with Bent Stance: Gryphosis (humpback) may be a condition related to the patient's age and posture.

• Skin Pigmentation: Skin color depends on melanocytes and the amount of melanin produced.

• mRNA Inhibition: Inhibiting mRNA synthesis would affect protein synthesis.

• Endocytosis: Bulk material uptake by a cell.

• Vestibular Nerve Damage: Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibular cochlear nerve only affects balance, not hearing.

• Iris and Pupil: The iris surrounds the pupil and controls its size.

• Sclera and Cornea: The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the cornea.

• Speech and Language Areas: Broca's area is for hesitant and distorted speech. and Wernicke's area for the understanding and formulating coherent speech.

• Taste Buds: Taste buds are sensory structures used for taste detection.

• Pudendal Nerve: The pudendal nerve is anesthetized before an episiotomy.

• Bursae: Bursae are fluid-filled structures that reduce friction.

• Pituitary Tumor Location: Pituitary tumors are located in the sella turcica.

• Compact Bone Tissue Units: Compact bone tissue contains units called Haversian systems or osteons.

• Spongy Bone: Spongy bone tissue has interconnecting plates called trabeculae.

• Rickets: Rickets affects children, causing soft, bowed, and swollen bones.

• Diffusion Factors: Temperature and concentration affect diffusion rates.

• Middle Ear and Outside Air Pressure Equalization: The auditory tube equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

• Tinnitus: Tinnitus is the ringing in the ears.

• Vestibulocochlear Nerve Branches and Functions: The cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve transmits auditory impulses, and the damage results in loss of hearing and balance.

• Eye Structure for Vision: The retina contains rods and cones essential for vision. The fovea centralis is the area with the greatest visual acuity.

• Olfactory Neuron Stimulation: Olfactory molecules must dissolve in the mucous for detection by neurons.

• Life-Threatening Nerve Damage: Damage to the phrenic nerve is life-threatening because it controls the diaphragm.

• Flexor Carpi Radialis Action: The flexor carpi radialis flexes the wrist.

• Digestive Tract Stimulation: Parasympathetic system stimulation increases digestive tract motility.

• Brachial Radialis Muscle Structure: The brachioradialis is named for its origin and insertion.

• Muscle Tone: Muscle tone is a constant tension produced by muscles for a period of time.

• Rigor Mortis: The cross bridges remain bound after death resulting in rigor mortis.

• Orbicularis Oris Function: The orbicularis Oris muscle is used to pucker lips.

• Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is the result of wear and tear on a joint.

• Gout: Gout is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.

• Orbicularis Oculi Site in the Orbits: The Orbicularis oculi is a muscle around the orbits.

• Neuromuscular Junction: Neuromuscular junction is where motor neurons meet muscle fibers for impulse transmission.

• Incomplete Bone Fracture: Incomplete bone fractures, like greenstick fractures, are common in children.

• Cyanide on ATP Production: Cyanide inhibits ATP production.

• Auditory Impulses Transmission: The cochlear branch transmits auditory impulses.

• Tympanic Membrane Attachment: The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane.

• Accommodation Loss in Eyes: Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation in the eyes.

• Aqueous Humor Inhibition: Inhibiting the circular muscles of the aqueous humor can cause glaucoma.

• Cone Cell Function: Cone cells permit color vision.

• Eye Structure: Acute Inflammation: Oink eye is inflammation of the conjunctiva.

• Sclera: The outermost layer of the eyeball is the sclera.

• Nose Run During Crying: Tears drain into the nasal cavity.

• Balance and Coordination in the Brain: Damage to the cerebellum affects balance and coordination.

• Phantom Pain: Phantom pain is the perception of pain in a missing limb.

• Cranial Nerve for Tongue Tip Control: The facial nerve (CN VII) controls the muscles used for tongue tip action.

• Brain Region for Water Balance: The hypothalamus is involved in regulating water intake and balance.

• Cerebellum White Matter: The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network called arbor vitae.

• Continuous Structure: The medulla oblongata is a continuous structure with the spinal cord.

• Proprioception: Proprioception is the sensory perception of body position and movement.

• Median Nerve and Carpal Tunnel: Injury to the median nerve in the carpal tunnel can cause edema.

• Thickest Meninges: The dura mater is the thickest of the meninges.

• Cranial and Spinal Nerve Pairs: 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

• Homeostasis Monitoring System: The nervous system monitors internal and external stimuli for homeostasis.

• Quadriceps Femoris: The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius make up the quadriceps femoris.

• Calf Muscles: The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles form the bulge of the calf.

• Muscle Group for Biceps Femoris: Biceps femoris is part of the hamstring group.

• Muscle Injection Sites: Gluteus medius is a common injection site.

• Rotator Cuff Muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis are rotator cuff muscles.

• Mental Muscle Function: A well-developed mentalis muscle leads to a dimpled chin.

• Pennate Muscles: Pennate muscles have fascicles arranged like barbs of a feather.

• Spindle-Shaped Muscle Tissue: Smooth muscle is composed of spindle-shaped cells.

• Most Moveable Joint Class: Synovial joints are the most moveable type of joint.

• Ischial Tuberosity: The ischial tuberosity is the site where a person sits.

• Point of Elbow: The olecranon process is the point of the elbow.

• Palatine Process Fusion: Failure of palatine process fusion can result in a cleft palate.

• Sagittal Suture Location: The sagittal suture is between the two parietal bones.

• Burn Area Determination: The rule of nines is a method for determining burned body area.

• Fontanels: Fontanels are spaces between developing skull bones.

• Skin Color Difference: Light and dark skin races have the same number of melanocytes.

• Stratum Lucidum: The stratum lucidum is a layer found only in thick skin.

• Edema: Edema is fluid accumulation in tissue spaces.

• Intervertebral Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage connects vertebrae.

• Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands: Exocrine glands secrete into ducts, whereas endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream.

• Intercalated Discs: Intercalated discs are gap junctions

• Tracheal Epithelium: The trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

• Bladder Epithelium: The bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.

• Epithelium Lacking Blood Supply: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lacks a good blood supply.

• Tissue Sample Collection: A biopsy collects a tissue sample for diagnosis.

• Cellular Shipping Department: The Golgi apparatus is the cell's shipping department.

• Hyperextension: Whiplash injury involves hyperextension of the head.

• Diffusion: Diffusion is the process of substances spreading from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

• Patient Position: Prone is a patient lying on their stomach.

• Medical Terms: Popliteal is the hollow behind the knee. Antecubital is the area in front of the elbow.

• Anatomy Divisions: Systemic anatomy studies organs working together. Surface anatomy studies the external body. Sonogram uses sound waves for diagnostic imaging.

• Metabolism: Metabolism describes chemical reactions in cells.

• Osmosis: Osmosis involves water diffusion.