Metabolic and Endocrine Emergencies

In the state of starvation, the body will convert these free fa y acids into ketones. Amazingly, even without insulin, the body can utilize the ketones as an energy source.

Which of the following is a diabetogenic hormone

Diabetes mellitus in dogs most often occurs from _______ of age

Diabetes is more common in certain breeds, such as

Diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed at any age in the cat; however, most are 10 years of age or older

Common signs are polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and muscle wasting

A DKA patient will present with varying degrees of weakness, depression to stupor, tachypnea or Kussmaul respirations, anorexia, vomiting, and acetone smell to the breath

The major focus of the treatment of DKA involves fluid therapy and providing sufficient amounts of insulin to stabilize the patient’s metabolic condition.

In DKA fluid deficits should be replaced over ____ in addition to maintenance fluids, plus ongoing losses.

Fluid therapy should be instituted for __________ before initiating insulin therapy in the DKA patient.

The initial insulin therapy of choice is ________________

Insulin is damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light and should be covered with UV protective bags (tinfoil also is effective), and fresh infusions should be made every 12 hours.

Care must be taken not to lower glucose levels too rapidly

Rapid changes in serum glucose concentrations cause marked reductions in the osmolality of the blood. With the idiogenic osmoles present, the brain then may become hyperosmolar to the plasma, what can this cause

Cerebral edema can lead to which of the following

Cerebral edema should be treated with

Once the patient has been stabilized and begins eating, shorter-acting insulin can be used

When should bottles of insulin be discarded

_______ supplementation is required in all DKA patients

Potassium levels will not normalize in the presence of hypomagnesemia. Potassium supplementation should be administered cautiously in patients with oliguria or anuria, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, or hyperphosphatemia.

In DKA phosphate levels should be checked every ________ throughout treatment

Phosphate supplementation should be avoided in patients with

DKA patients should be weighed twice daily

A deficiency in the production of mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone), glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), or both, by the adrenal glands.

Destruction of the adrenal gland by immune-mediated causes is the likely etiology of most cases of

Decreased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, causes glucocorticoid deficiency only.

Important in regulating body electrolyte status.

GI integrity and prevention of shock are primary functions of ________

Most common signs in the dog are anorexia, vomiting, lethargy or depression, an weakness

Dogs in ____________ often arrive at the clinic depressed and dehydrated. They have pale, tacky oral mucous membranes with slow capillary refill time, or they may present with hyperemic mucous membranes with a fast capillary refill time.

Primary goal of treating Addisonian crisis

The most life-threatening concerns in patients with addisonian crisis.

If hypoalbuminemia exists, then the calcium concentrations may be artificially low and should be corrected

The most common cause of persistent hypercalcemia is

Potentially any neoplastic disorder could cause hypercalcemia. Other important “rule outs” include

Hypercalcemia affects primarily four body systems:

On physical examination, large kidneys would suggest the kidney disease has been chronic (CKD) and may be the cause of the hypercalcemia

Anorexia, vomiting, and constipation are most commonly reported

Careful palpation of the lymph nodes and abdomen is important in the hypercalcemic patient.

Hypophosphatemia or low-normal phosphorous levels are most commonly seen with

Treatment of hypercalcemia focuses primary on

Fluid type that should not be given to patients with hypercalcemia

Diuretic that should not be used following rehydration and volume expansion in patients with hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia is the state of decreased serum total calcium concentration. If ____ exists, then the calcium concentrations should be corrected to confirm if hypocalcemia is rea

Other common cause of hypocalcemia include

Hypocalcemia caused solely by __________ does not require treatment

Calcium ______ is preferred because it causes much less vessel irritation and is not caustic if extravasation occurs

Increased RBC mass (i.e., polycythemia) causes ______ by overuse of glucose to support the metabolic needs of the RBCs.

Nervous tissue relies on glucose as its primary energy source

Typical signs include lethargy, depression, ataxia, paraparesis, and, in some cases, seizures.