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Questions and Answers
ما هو تعريف علم ecology؟
ما هو تعريف علم ecology؟
علم ecology هو العلم الذي يختص بدراسة العلاقات المتبادلة بين الكائنات الحية والعوامل غير الحية.
ما هي العوامل غير الحية؟
ما هي العوامل غير الحية؟
ما هي أنواع العوامل الحية؟
ما هي أنواع العوامل الحية؟
ما هو تعريف علم البيئة الذاتي؟
ما هو تعريف علم البيئة الذاتي؟
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ما هو تعريف علم البيئة الاجتماعي؟
ما هو تعريف علم البيئة الاجتماعي؟
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ما هي العناصر الأساسية للبيئة النباتية؟
ما هي العناصر الأساسية للبيئة النباتية؟
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ما هو تعريف النظام البيئي؟
ما هو تعريف النظام البيئي؟
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ما هي مكونات النظام البيئي؟
ما هي مكونات النظام البيئي؟
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Plant Ecology
- Course Code: 2013107-3
- Academic Year: 1446H - 2024
- Instructor: Dr. Tareq Mohamed Jalal (Professor - Plant Ecology), Dr. Manira Abdelaziz Mohammed (Assistant Professor - Plant Ecology)
Introduction to Plant Ecology
- Plant ecology is the study of the relationships between plants and their environment.
- It involves interactions with biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living components).
- Ecology, as defined by Ernst Haeckel, is the study of the reciprocal relationships between living organisms and the environment.
Ecology Definition
- Ecology is composed of two Greek components:
- Eco : Refers to the environment (Home, habitat).
- Logy : Refers to the study of (Knowledge, Science).
Abiotic Factors
- Abiotic factors are non-living components of the ecosystem.
- Examples include wind, sunlight, water, soil, and temperature.
Biotic Factors
- Biotic factors are living organisms within the ecosystem.
- Examples include plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and protozoans.
Branches of Plant Ecology
- Autecology: Studying the relationship between individual plants and their environment.
- Synecology (Phytosociology): Studying the structure, development, and distribution of plant communities in an ecosystem.
Plant Ecology and Other Sciences
- Relationships between plant ecology and related fields: Taxonomy, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Climatology, Soil Science, Hydrology, and Geology.
Basic Components of Plant Environment
- The Environment
- The Vegetation
Ecological Hierarchy
- Individual
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere
Ecosystem Components
- Producers : Autotrophs (Plants - primary producers).
- Consumers : Heterotrophs (Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Parasites, Scavengers).
- Decomposers : Organisms that break down organic matter.
Photosynthesis
- Producers use energy from sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Consumers
- Herbivores: Consume plants.
- Carnivores: Consume animals.
- Omnivores: Consume both plants and animals.
- Parasites: Live on or within a host organism, harming it.
- Scavengers: Consume dead organisms.
Decomposers
- Break down complex organic material into simpler inorganic forms.
Types of Forests
- Tropical Rainforests
Ecological Relationships
- Neutralism (0/0) : No effect between species.
- Competition (+/-): Competition over limited resources.
- Ammensalism (-/0) : One species harmed, other not affected.
- Parasitism (+/-): One benefits, other harmed.
- Predation (+/-): Predator benefits, Prey harmed.
- Commensalism (+/0) : One benefits, other unaffected.
- Mutualism (+/+): Both species benefit from the interaction.
- Protocooperation (+/+): Both species benefit from interaction but it's not essential for survival
Competition
- Plants compete with each other and other organisms for resources like light, nutrients, and water.
- Self-shading and shading by non-self can influence plant growth and distribution.
Soil Factors
- Soil Structure
- Soil Horizons (O, A, B, C, R)
- Soil Components (Mineral, Organic Matter, Soil Solution, Air, Microorganisms)
- Soil Texture
- Soil Porosity
- Soil Water Relations (Gravitational Water, Capillary Water, Water Vapor, Wilting Point, Hygroscopic Moisture)
- Soil Properties (Bulk Density, Real Density).
Climatic Factors
- Temperature, Rainfall, Winds, Light (Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, Etiolation)
Topography
- Major and Micro-habitats (Wadis, Altitude, Exposure, Slope)
Fires
- Crown Fires
- Surface Fires
- Sit-and-wait strategy to deal with fires
Relation of Plants with Water and Drought
- Xerophytes
- Mesophytes
- Hydrophytes.
Plant Adaptations to Moisture
- Salt Excretive Halophytes
- Succulent Halophytes
- Cumulative Halophytes
- Salt Exclusive Halophytes
Other Factors Affecting Plants
- Wind breaks
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