4th Quarter General Biology Lesson 1: Kingdom Animalia

Study Notes

Kingdom Animalia

Also known as Metazoa, meaning all animals
Characterized by the ability to conduct photosynthesis and having special cells that develop into tissue level

Parazoa

Beside animals or simplest animals
Lack capability to conduct photosynthesis
Have special cells that do not develop into tissue level

Eumetazoa

True animals
Animals with true tissue
Most animals belong to this category

Cell Division

Haploid: gametes/sex cells
Diploid: somatic/body cells

Reproduction

Asexual: budding/fragmentation
Pathenogenesis: virgin beginning
Haplodiploidy: unfertilized eggs turn into new male offspring

Development

Gradual Metamorphosis: has no distinct larval stage, e.g. grasshoppers
Complete Metamorphosis: insect development consisting of four stages: eggs, larva, pupa, and adult, e.g. butterflies

Insectivore and Detritivore

Insectivore: eats insects
Detritivore: organism that eats dead organic matter

Embryonic Stage

Cleavage: 4 cells
Morula: contains 16-32 cells
Blastula: 100+ cells
Gastrula: formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Gastrulation: process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells

Germ Layers

Triboplastic: having three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
Diploblastic: having two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
Endoderm: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
Ectoderm: outermost germ layer that produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
Mesoderm: middle germ layer that develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Body Symmetry

Oral: mouth
Aboral: anus
Radially Symmetrical: body parts arranged around a central axis
Bilaterally Symmetrical: right and left side are mirror images

Body Cavity

Coelomate: body cavity
Acoelomates: no body cavity, e.g. platyhelminthes
Eucoelomates: animals with a true coelom, most animals
Pseudocoelomates: false body cavity, e.g. nematoda

Phylum Porifera

Sponges
Three classes of sponges:
- Calcarea: has calcium carbonate, no spongin, has spicules, e.g. clathrina and clathrus
- Demospongiae: has mesohyl, most common type of sponge, has spongins, may or may not have spicules, e.g. acarnus and erithacus
- Hexactinellids: 6-rayed spicules, glass-like, no spongin, e.g. staurocalyptus or "yellow picasso"
Cells in sponge:
- Lophocytes: secrete large amounts of collagen
- Pinacocyte: form outer layer of sponge
- Oocytes: egg cell of sponge
- Porocyte: controls water flow through ostia
- Amoebacytes: delivers nutrients to cells and differentiated into other cell types
- Sclerocytes: secrete spicule cells
- Choanocytes: flagellated collar cells that generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidas: Greek word meaning stinging nettle
Cnidocytes: stinging cells
Nematocysts: stingers found in cnidarians
Cnidocils: hair-like projection used to discharge the nematocysts, barved and venomous
Medusa: cnidarians that have a bell-like structure
Polyps: cnidarians that have a stalk-like structure
Polymorphic Body Plan: has a medusa and a polyp stage, e.g. colonial hydroid
Gastinozooid: used for predation and feeding
Gonozooid: a reproductive polyp that produces medusae by budding, used for reproduction
Reproductive Cycle of Jellyfish: egg and sperm -> zygote -> planula larva -> polyp -> budding polyp -> ephyra -> medusa
Classes:
- Anthozoa: corals and sea anemones, they are polyps, marine
- Scyphozoa: marine or saltwater, jellyfish, polymorphic
- Cubozoa: box jellyfish, very venomous, e.g. malo kingi, kingslayer jellyfish, irukandji syndrome
- Hydrozoa: colonial hydroid, polymorphic, e.g. obelia, physalia physalis

Description

Learn about the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia, including Metazoa, Parazoa, and Eumetazoa. Understand the differences between haploid and diploid cells, and the various forms of reproduction in animals.

4th Quarter General Biology Lesson 1: Kingdom Animalia

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Questions and Answers

What is another term for Kingdom Animalia?

What is the characteristic of Parazoa?

What type of development is characterized by having no distinct larval stage?

What is the term for an organism that eats dead organic matter?

What is the stage of embryonic development characterized by 100+ cells?

What is the term for the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula?

What is the outermost germ layer that produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin?

What is the term for an animal that has a body cavity?

What is the term for the matrix that consists of collagen within a sponge?

What is the term for the stinging cells found in cnidarians?

What is the term for the Medusa stage of a jellyfish life cycle?

What is the term for an animal that has two germ layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm)?

What is the term for the process of water flow through the ostia of a sponge?

What is the term for a radially symmetrical animal?

What is the term for the class of cnidarians that includes corals and sea anemones?