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Questions and Answers
What is another term for Kingdom Animalia?
What is the characteristic of Parazoa?
What type of development is characterized by having no distinct larval stage?
What is the term for an organism that eats dead organic matter?
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What is the stage of embryonic development characterized by 100+ cells?
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What is the term for the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula?
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What is the outermost germ layer that produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin?
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What is the term for an animal that has a body cavity?
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What is the term for the matrix that consists of collagen within a sponge?
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What is the term for the stinging cells found in cnidarians?
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What is the term for the Medusa stage of a jellyfish life cycle?
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What is the term for an animal that has two germ layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm)?
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What is the term for the process of water flow through the ostia of a sponge?
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What is the term for a radially symmetrical animal?
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What is the term for the class of cnidarians that includes corals and sea anemones?
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Study Notes
Kingdom Animalia
- Also known as Metazoa, meaning all animals
- Characterized by the ability to conduct photosynthesis and having special cells that develop into tissue level
Parazoa
- Beside animals or simplest animals
- Lack capability to conduct photosynthesis
- Have special cells that do not develop into tissue level
Eumetazoa
- True animals
- Animals with true tissue
- Most animals belong to this category
Cell Division
- Haploid: gametes/sex cells
- Diploid: somatic/body cells
Reproduction
- Asexual: budding/fragmentation
- Pathenogenesis: virgin beginning
- Haplodiploidy: unfertilized eggs turn into new male offspring
Development
- Gradual Metamorphosis: has no distinct larval stage, e.g. grasshoppers
- Complete Metamorphosis: insect development consisting of four stages: eggs, larva, pupa, and adult, e.g. butterflies
Insectivore and Detritivore
- Insectivore: eats insects
- Detritivore: organism that eats dead organic matter
Embryonic Stage
- Cleavage: 4 cells
- Morula: contains 16-32 cells
- Blastula: 100+ cells
- Gastrula: formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- Gastrulation: process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells
Germ Layers
- Triboplastic: having three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
- Diploblastic: having two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
- Endoderm: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
- Ectoderm: outermost germ layer that produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
- Mesoderm: middle germ layer that develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
Body Symmetry
- Oral: mouth
- Aboral: anus
- Radially Symmetrical: body parts arranged around a central axis
- Bilaterally Symmetrical: right and left side are mirror images
Body Cavity
- Coelomate: body cavity
- Acoelomates: no body cavity, e.g. platyhelminthes
- Eucoelomates: animals with a true coelom, most animals
- Pseudocoelomates: false body cavity, e.g. nematoda
Phylum Porifera
- Sponges
- Three classes of sponges:
- Calcarea: has calcium carbonate, no spongin, has spicules, e.g. clathrina and clathrus
- Demospongiae: has mesohyl, most common type of sponge, has spongins, may or may not have spicules, e.g. acarnus and erithacus
- Hexactinellids: 6-rayed spicules, glass-like, no spongin, e.g. staurocalyptus or "yellow picasso"
- Cells in sponge:
- Lophocytes: secrete large amounts of collagen
- Pinacocyte: form outer layer of sponge
- Oocytes: egg cell of sponge
- Porocyte: controls water flow through ostia
- Amoebacytes: delivers nutrients to cells and differentiated into other cell types
- Sclerocytes: secrete spicule cells
- Choanocytes: flagellated collar cells that generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
Phylum Cnidaria
- Cnidas: Greek word meaning stinging nettle
- Cnidocytes: stinging cells
- Nematocysts: stingers found in cnidarians
- Cnidocils: hair-like projection used to discharge the nematocysts, barved and venomous
- Medusa: cnidarians that have a bell-like structure
- Polyps: cnidarians that have a stalk-like structure
- Polymorphic Body Plan: has a medusa and a polyp stage, e.g. colonial hydroid
- Gastinozooid: used for predation and feeding
- Gonozooid: a reproductive polyp that produces medusae by budding, used for reproduction
- Reproductive Cycle of Jellyfish: egg and sperm -> zygote -> planula larva -> polyp -> budding polyp -> ephyra -> medusa
- Classes:
- Anthozoa: corals and sea anemones, they are polyps, marine
- Scyphozoa: marine or saltwater, jellyfish, polymorphic
- Cubozoa: box jellyfish, very venomous, e.g. malo kingi, kingslayer jellyfish, irukandji syndrome
- Hydrozoa: colonial hydroid, polymorphic, e.g. obelia, physalia physalis
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia, including Metazoa, Parazoa, and Eumetazoa. Understand the differences between haploid and diploid cells, and the various forms of reproduction in animals.
