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Questions and Answers

In a leadership context, how do task-oriented and relationship-oriented approaches typically interact?

  • They exist on a continuum, allowing leaders to balance both aspects. (correct)
  • They are mutually exclusive; a leader must choose one or the other.
  • Relationship-oriented leadership always supersedes task-oriented leadership in importance.
  • Task-oriented leadership is a prerequisite for relationship-oriented leadership.

Which set of characteristics best describes a purposeful leader?

  • Insightful, ingenious, and igniting. (correct)
  • Organized, efficient, and detail-oriented.
  • Transparent, honest, and fair.
  • Bold, committed, and a fanatic for their cause.

What is the primary focus of communication competence in leadership?

  • Employing the most effective communication while maintaining relationships. (correct)
  • Using persuasive techniques to influence others.
  • Avoiding conflict by withholding potentially contentious information.
  • Conveying information clearly, regardless of its impact on relationships.

A leader who is described as principled, purposeful, and passionate is likely to be:

<p>A well-rounded and effective leader. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following facilitation techniques is MOST likely to encourage deeper thinking and exploration among participants?

<p>Using silence after posing a question. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiential learning cycle, what directly follows the 'experience' stage?

<p>Reflection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST indicator that participants genuinely learned from an experiential activity?

<p>Participants demonstrate the ability to apply what they learned in new situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A facilitator notices tension and conflict arising within a group. According to the stages of group development, which stage is the group MOST likely experiencing?

<p>Storming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how beliefs relate to values?

<p>Beliefs are the basis of our values, influencing what we consider important. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A team leader notices they consistently struggle to adapt their communication style when addressing different team members' concerns. Based on the provided information on communication, which aspect should they focus on improving?

<p>Enhancing the dynamic aspect of their communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the 'transactional' nature of communication in a team setting?

<p>Two colleagues engage in a debate, where both their perspectives influence the conversation's direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual is good at understanding their own emotions and how they impact others but struggles to manage their reactions in stressful situations. According to the components of emotional intelligence, which area needs the MOST improvement?

<p>Self-management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST exemplifies the 'multifarious' nature of communication?

<p>A project manager uses instant messaging, video conferences, and written reports to keep stakeholders informed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A supervisor reflects on a recent project, identifying both successes and areas where they could have performed better. This action primarily supports which aspect of self-leadership?

<p>Evaluating and analyzing the self to recognize strengths and areas for improvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative would MOST effectively support an individual's development of self-awareness in a leadership role?

<p>Seeking feedback from multiple sources and reflecting on personal strengths and weaknesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST direct implication of communication being 'continuous'?

<p>Previous interactions always influence ongoing communications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project manager notices that a team member's verbal agreement to a task conflicts with their hesitant tone and lack of eye contact. According to communication principles, how should the project manager primarily interpret this situation?

<p>Focus more on the nonverbal cues as they often reveal underlying feelings and intentions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the application of 'perception checking' in a team conflict situation?

<p>A team member, noticing a colleague's withdrawn behavior, asks, 'I've noticed you've been quiet during meetings. Are you feeling unheard, or are you dealing with something personally? Can we talk about it?' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a company-wide announcement, the CEO outlines new sustainability initiatives. Which aspect of this communication represents the 'content dimension'?

<p>The specific details of the sustainability initiatives, such as reducing carbon emissions by a certain percentage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A team leader is trying to improve collaboration within their team. Which action would best demonstrate the application of 'linking skills'?

<p>Facilitating open discussions where all team members feel comfortable sharing their ideas and concerns and building a trusting climate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A non-profit organization's leader aims to expand their reach to a new demographic. Which of the following actions best exemplifies 'envisioning skills' in this context?

<p>Developing a detailed marketing plan and strategy that describes how the organization's mission can appeal to the new demographic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a period of organizational change, a manager notices increased stress and resistance among their team members. Which approach would best demonstrate 'regulating skills' in this situation?

<p>Actively listening to the team's concerns, providing support and resources, and helping them understand the reasons for the changes through motivation and influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A senior engineer consistently mentors junior staff and shares their expertise. Which practice of excellent leadership does this best represent?

<p>Model the way (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newly appointed team leader is primarily concerned with meeting project deadlines and keeping the team on schedule. What type of leadership style is the team leader demonstrating?

<p>Task-oriented leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies 'discrimination' as it relates to prejudice and stereotypes?

<p>A landlord refusing to rent an apartment to someone because of their ethnicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company implements a policy that only employees who have been with the company for over 10 years are eligible for promotion. How could this policy be viewed through the lens of 'intersectionality'?

<p>The policy may disproportionately affect younger employees or those from groups who have historically faced barriers to entry and advancement, highlighting potential age and other intersecting inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diversity and inclusion, what is the key distinction between 'core' and 'secondary' variations among individuals?

<p>Core variations are relatively fixed and less changeable (e.g., age, race), while secondary variations are more fluid and subject to personal choice (e.g., education, religion). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership actions BEST demonstrates inclusive leadership at the 'macro' level?

<p>A school district forming a committee with community leaders and diverse parent representatives to address equity in education. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization refuses to acknowledge the cultural norms of newly arrived refugees and actively works to assimilate them into the dominant culture. This approach BEST aligns with which stage of the cultural competence continuum?

<p>Cultural destructiveness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate way to describe the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

<p>Stereotypes are thoughts or beliefs, prejudice is a feeling or judgment, and discrimination is acting on that prejudice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an 'ism' as defined in the context of diversity and inclusion?

<p>A belief that one's own cultural values are superior to others, combined with a system that oppresses those who do not share those values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of fostering diversity within an organization?

<p>Increased creativity and innovation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our communication skills remain static throughout our lives, with minimal adaptation to new linguistic trends.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three channels of face-to-face interaction are: olfactory, vocal, and verbal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In communication, the 'vocal channel' primarily conveys the literal definition of the words being spoken.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a person's verbal message contradicts their nonverbal cues, individuals tend to prioritize the verbal message to guide their interpretation and reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active listening only involves asking direct questions to the speaker.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception checking involves identifying an observed behavior, offering three possible interpretations, and then providing advice.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The core elements defining leadership encompass process, adapting to change, achieving goals, and external validation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Engaging with a mentor is becoming less vital for professional and personal growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relational dimension of communication meaning is objective and concerns primarily the factual content being conveyed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regulating skills, as a leadership communication skill, is the ability to establish strategies separate from the current environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-leadership primarily involves directing others effectively, with personal awareness being a secondary consideration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Beliefs" are best described as the actions and behaviors that define who you are.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Values originate from our self-concept.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'self-concept' encompasses our inherent individual qualities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To say communication is 'dynamic' implies it remains constant regardless of the situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When communication is described as 'transactional', it means the speaker solely influences the communication's outcome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diversity primarily hinders innovation and problem-solving capabilities within teams.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An 'ism' refers to a personal preference rather than a systemic belief system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Core variations, such as ethnicity and gender, are easily changeable aspects of an individual's identity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary variations have minimal interaction with core variations and do not influence eachother.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intersectionality is a theory examining how various, independent categories eliminate inequality in society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prejudice involves acting on a pre-formed judgment with power, whereas discrimination is simply holding a negative thought.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inclusive leadership at the micro level focuses on collaborative efforts and partnerships, like including community representatives on planning committees.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural competence is demonstrated by acceptance and respect of differences, along with ongoing cultural self-assessment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the task and relationship continuum in leadership, a leader must exclusively prioritize either task-oriented or relation-oriented approaches, but never a blend of both.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A leader who demonstrates transparency, honesty, and fairness is typically described as a passionate leader.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communication competence is solely determined by using the communication behavior that seems most effective in a situation, irrespective of how it affects established relationships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The characteristics of principled, purposeful, and passionate leadership are generally seen as independent traits that do not contribute to a well-rounded leader.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The experiential learning cycle involves application, experience, reflection, and generalizing to ensure a subject is fully understood.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During group development, the 'storming' stage follows directly after the 'performing' stage, as teams continuously seek to optimize their performance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In facilitation, a perceived risk is an objective calculation based on expert analysis and quantifiable data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diversity in society describes a simple mix of people, but doesn't take into account things like disparities in privilidge or the commitment to equality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four key elements of leadership are process, navigating change, accomplishment, and ______.

<p>self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

When verbal and nonverbal messages conflict, we tend to place more emphasis on ______ messages when forming our interpretation and in guiding our response.

<p>nonverbal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Working with a ______ is increasingly important for developing leadership skills and gaining valuable insights.

<p>mentor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ dimension of meaning in communication involves how people feel about those with whom they are communicating, provides insight into the quality of the relationship, and is subjective.

<p>relational</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vocal channel serves as our ______ tell.

<p>emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] involves being self-aware and understanding the self in leadership, supported by evaluating strengths and areas for improvement.

<p>Self-leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ involves doing one or all of clarifying by paraphrasing the speaker’s message, interjecting with subtle prompts, and asking questions

<p>active listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are the ideas and concepts we hold to be true, even without complete knowledge or evidence, and form the basis of our values.

<p>Beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ focuses on interpersonal connectedness and process and people skills.

<p>relations-oriented leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are the ideas that we hold to be important and that guide our actions and behaviors.

<p>Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are creating and establishing strategies or visions from the status quo.

<p>envisioning skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four components of emotional intelligence are self-awareness, self-management, ______, and relationship management.

<p>social awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

When we say communication is ______, we mean that communication is based on the demands of the environment or the situation.

<p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ channel is how we’re saying things, including tone, pitch, rate, volume, emphasis, pronunciation, and dialect.

<p>vocal</p> Signup and view all the answers

When we say communication is ______, we mean that the person doing the talking and the person listening are both involved in the communication and both have an impact on how it’s going.

<p>transactional</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ involves three steps: Identifying the behaviour you’ve observed in the other person, offering two possible interpretations of the behaviour, and seeking clarification of the behaviour.

<p>perception checking</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a theory that examines how socially and culturally constructed categories interact to manifest as inequality in society.

<p>Intersectionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

The benefits of diversity include creativity, innovation, problem-solving, and ______ of views.

<p>broadening</p> Signup and view all the answers

An “ism” is an oppressive and ______ belief system about a group.

<p>systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] variations affect and interact with core variations, but are more changeable over time and within an individuals control.

<p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are generalizations we make about characteristics of group members, often based on inaccurate images.

<p>Stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is using power to act on prejudice, often treating someone negatively due to their group membership.

<p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the micro level, inclusive leadership focuses on promoting inclusion within programs, activities, and ______ .

<p>experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] competence is indicated by acceptance and respect for differences, expansion of knowledge, continued cultural self-assessment.

<p>Cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] leaders demonstrate openness, honesty, justice, which fosters trust and ethical conduct.

<p>Principled</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to employ the most efficient and suitable communication method in any circumstance, while preserving established relationships under mutually agreeable conditions, is known as ______.

<p>Communication competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stages of the experiential learning cycle include experience, reflection, ______, and application, illustrating a structured approach to learning from doing.

<p>Generalizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facilitators should be unobtrusive, unassuming, and ______ when empowering participants, allowing individuals to take ownership of their learning process.

<p>Indirect</p> Signup and view all the answers

The best evidence that participants have learned something from the experience is to see them ______ it if possible, demonstrating a tangible application of new knowledge.

<p>Apply</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] risks are risks that have been identified as a result of a technical assessment of the likelihood of a possible event, emphasizing objective evaluation.

<p>Real</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person’s perception of how dangerous an activity might be defines ______ risks, which can significantly influence their willingness to participate.

<p>Perceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] embraces differences while acknowledging the disparities in privilege, power, and access, requiring a commitment to social justice and equity.

<p>Diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leadership's key elements

A process of navigating change, leading to accomplishment and self-actualization.

Self-leadership

Awareness and understanding of oneself in a leadership role, enhanced through self-analysis.

Beliefs

Ideas or concepts held as true, even without complete proof, that underlie our values.

Values

The ideas considered important that guide our actions and are projections of our beliefs.

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The Self

Essential qualities that distinguish us as individuals.

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Self-Concept

How we define and present ourselves to others, based on self-reflection.

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Emotional Intelligence (EQ) components

Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.

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Communication is dynamic

Communication adapts based on environment/situation demands.

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Channels of Face-to-Face Interaction

Visual, vocal, and verbal cues used during communication.

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Visual Channel

Everything that is visible during communication, such as body language and facial expressions.

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Vocal Channel

How we say things, including tone, pitch, rate, volume, and emphasis.

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Verbal Channel

The actual words that we say; specific word choice and vocabulary.

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Active Listening

Clarifying by paraphrasing, interjecting prompts, and asking questions.

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Perception Checking

Identifying behavior, offering interpretations, and seeking clarification.

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Relational Dimension (Communication)

How people feel about each other and the relationship quality.

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Task-oriented Leadership

Focuses on establishing goals, managing tasks, and roles.

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Relational Leadership

Focuses on building relationships, team development, collaboration, and joint projects.

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Leadership Orientation Continuum

A spectrum of leadership styles ranging from prioritizing tasks to prioritizing relationships.

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Principled Leaders

Characterized by transparency, honesty, and fairness.

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Purposeful Leaders

Characterized by insight, ingenuity, and the ability to inspire others.

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Communication Competence

Demonstrates effective and appropriate communication while maintaining relationships.

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Facilitation Techniques

Includes questions, silence, echoes, comparisons, and observations.

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Experiential Learning Cycle Stages

Experience, reflection, generalizing, and application.

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Stages of Group Development

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

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Diversity Benefits

Creativity, innovation, problem-solving, and broadened perspectives.

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What is an 'ism'?

Oppressive belief system favoring one group over others.

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Core Variations

Traits like age, race, and gender that are hard to change.

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Secondary Variations

Traits with more flexibility that can change over time.

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Intersectionality

Categories interacting to cause inequality.

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Stereotypes

Generalizations about a group, often untrue or unfair.

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Prejudice

Negative judgment without knowledge of the person.

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Discrimination

Acting on prejudice; treating people differently due to group membership.

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Mentorship

Working with someone experienced to guide and support your development.

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Personality Patterns

The generally consistent patterns in a person's behavior and thoughts.

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Self

The essential qualities that make each of us unique.

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Self-Concept/Identity

How we define and present ourselves based on self-reflection.

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Communication is multifarious

There are diverse methods and types of communication.

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Communication is transactional

The person talking and the person listening are both involved.

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Nonverbal Emphasis

When verbal and nonverbal cues clash, we trust nonverbal signals more.

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Content Dimension

Topic/subject of the conversation; factual and unbiased.

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Linking Skills

Skills in observing interactions and fostering trust.

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Envisioning Skills

Skills required to create visions to challenge the status quo.

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Regulating Skills

Skills needed to influence and motivate others effectively.

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Excellent Leadership

Set the example, create a shared ambition, seek change, empower others, encourage efforts.

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Relations-Oriented Leadership

Prioritizes interpersonal relations, teamwork, and developing people.

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Vocal Channel = emotional tell

Our emotions are shown through the vocal channel.

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Passionate Leaders

Bold, committed, and fanatics for their cause.

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Experiential Learning Stages

Experience, Reflection, Generalizing, Application.

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To Facilitate

Making a process easier or empowering people to accomplish tasks.

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Real Risks

Risks identified through technical assessment and expert analysis.

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Perceived Risks

A person’s perception of how dangerous an activity might be.

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Debriefing Elements

Reliving the experience, exploring the purpose, and applying lessons learned.

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Micro-level Inclusive Leadership

Promoting inclusion in programs and activities, adapting them for wider participation.

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Macro-level Inclusive Leadership

Collaborative efforts to foster inclusion, like involving diverse community representatives in planning.

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Importance of mentorship

Activities centered around working with an experienced mentor.

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Communication is continuous

Communication continuously builds upon itself.

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Communication is sophisticated

There are visual, vocal, and verbal cues that should be taken into account.

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Verbal Communication

The words we use to communicate.

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Model The Way

Setting an example with actions and words.

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Inspire A Shared Vision

Inspiring others with a common goal or objective.

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Challenge the Process

Questioning and improving current processes.

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Enable Others to Act

Giving people the means to take action.

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Relationship-Oriented Leadership

Leadership focused on fostering connections, team spirit, and collaborative projects.

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Purposeful Leadership

Insightful, ingenious, and inspiring leaders.

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Cultural Destructiveness

The most negative stage; harmful to cultures.

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Cultural Competence

Acceptance, respect, and expansion of cultural knowledge.

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Study Notes

Okay, I've updated the existing study notes with the new information provided. Here are the updated study notes:

Leadership and Key Components

  • Leadership comprises process, navigating change, accomplishment, and self-actualization.
  • Mentorship is an important aspect of leadership development.
  • Self-leadership requires self-awareness, which can be improved by self-evaluation

Beliefs, Values, and Self

  • Beliefs, the basis for values, are ideas held as true without complete evidence.
  • Values guide actions and behaviors and are a projection of beliefs.
  • The self encompasses the essential qualities that define individuals.
  • Self-concept (or self-identity) is how we define and present ourselves, based on self-reflection.
  • Key components of the self include personality, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, communication skills, feedback, empathy, and self-efficacy.
  • Understanding the self is crucial for effective leadership.

Emotional Intelligence and Personality

  • Emotional intelligence includes self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
  • Personality patterns are generally stable and enduring.

Communication Characteristics

  • Communication is described as sophisticated, multifarious, dynamic, transactional, and continuous.
  • Sophisticated communication involves awareness of non-verbal cues.
  • Multifarious communication includes various types and methods, not just face-to-face.
  • Dynamic communication depends on the situation or environment
  • Transactional communication signifies mutual involvement and impact between communicators.
  • Continuous communication builds upon itself with ongoing learning.

Communication Channels

  • Face-to-face interaction consists of visual, vocal, and verbal channels.
  • The visual channel encompasses everything visible during communication.
  • The vocal channel includes tone, pitch, rate, volume, emphasis, pronunciation, and dialect,
  • The vocal channel reveals emotional state.
  • The verbal channel includes word choice and vocabulary.
  • Nonverbal messages are prioritized when there is a conflict between them and verbal messages.

Active Listening and Perception Checking

  • Active listening involves paraphrasing, using subtle prompts, and asking questions.
  • Perception checking includes identifying behavior, offering interpretations, and seeking clarification.

Dimensions of Communication

  • Communication has relational and content dimensions.
  • The relational dimension involves interpersonal feelings and is subjective.
  • The content dimension relates to conversation's topic and is objective.

Leadership Communication Skills

  • Leaders need linking, envisioning, and regulating skills.
  • Linking skills involve observing and building trust.
  • Envisioning skills involve creating strategies and visions.
  • Regulating skills involve influencing and motivating others.

Practices of Excellent Leadership

  • Five practices of excellent leadership: model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act, and encourage the heart.

Leadership Orientations

  • Task-oriented leadership prioritizes goals, task management, and productivity.
  • Relations-oriented leadership focuses on interpersonal connections, team development, and collaboration.
  • Both task and relationship components are important in leadership.
  • Task-oriented and relational-oriented leadership exist on a continuum.
  • Principled leaders are transparent, honest, and fair.
  • Purposeful leaders are insightful, ingenious, and igniting.
  • Passionate leaders are bold, committed, and fanatics for their cause.
  • Communication competence involves effective and appropriate communication while maintaining relationships.
  • A well-rounded leader contains principled, purposeful, and passionate leadership qualities.

Facilitation Techniques and Experiential Learning

  • Facilitation techniques include questions, silence, echoes, comparisons, and observations.
  • The experiential learning cycle stages: experience, reflection, generalizing, and application.
  • Facilitators should be unobtrusive when empowering participants.
  • Application of learned knowledge is the best evidence of learning.
  • Group development stages include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Debriefing and Risk Assessment in Facilitation

  • Debriefing mirrors experiential learning through questioning.
  • Facilitation involves making tasks easier or empowering individuals.
  • Real and perceived risks should be assessed by facilitators.
  • Real risks are technically assessed for likelihood and are quantifiable.
  • Perceived risks are personal and can hinder participation.
  • Debriefing includes reliving experiences, exploring purpose, and applying lessons.

Diversity and Inclusion

  • Diversity encompasses the mix of people who interact equitably, while acknowledging disparities.
  • Diversity benefits include creativity, innovation, problem-solving, and broadened perspectives.
  • An "ism" represents oppressive belief systems.
  • Core variations (e.g., age, race, ethnicity, ability and gender) are less changeable.
  • Secondary variations are more changeable and interact with core variations.
  • Greater control exists over secondary variations.
  • Intersectionality examines the interaction of socially constructed categories resulting in inequality.
  • Stereotypes are often incorrect generalizations about groups.
  • Prejudice is judging based on group membership, often from stereotypes.
  • Discrimination is acting on prejudice.
  • Inclusive leadership promotes inclusion at micro (programs, activities) and macro levels (collaborative efforts).

Cultural Competence

  • Cultural destructiveness is the most negative cultural competence stage, with harmful attitudes and practices.
  • Cultural competence involves acceptance, respect, knowledge expansion, self-assessment, and awareness of dynamics of differences.

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