Questions and Answers
What is the definition of 'carpi'?
What does 'digitorum' refer to?
What does 'policis' mean?
What is the meaning of 'minimi'?
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What is the definition of 'flexor digitorum profundus'?
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What are the primary purposes of orthoses?
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Which PAM is commonly associated with arthritis, specifically OA?
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Edema in the first few days of injury is normal.
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What does 'RA' stand for?
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AROM should be pain free, avoid stress in __________.
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What can be a sign of infection outside the first few days after an injury?
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What is the treatment for frozen shoulder?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Upper Extremity
- Carpi: Refers to the wrist.
- Digitorum: Refers to the digits (fingers).
- Policis: Refers specifically to the thumb.
- Indices: Refers to the index finger.
- Minimi: Refers to the little finger.
- Longus: Describes a muscle that is long.
- Brevis: Describes a muscle that is short.
Muscles of the Hand
- Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Extends to the distal interphalangeal joints (DIPs).
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Splits and inserts at the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPs).
- Intrinsic Muscles: Located entirely within the hand.
- Extrinsic Muscles: Reside in the forearm with tendons extending into the hand.
Evaluation and Orthotic Principles
- General Evaluation for Upper Extremity (NEW SPORC): Focuses on nerves, edema, wounds, strength, pain, occupations, range of motion (ROM), and coordination.
- Purposes of Orthoses: Initially immobilize to protect, and later mobilize to correct.
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Types of Splints:
- Static Splint: Generic splint for immobilization and protection.
- Serial Static Splint: Adjustable splint to improve range of motion through repositioning.
Healing and Splint Types
- Typical Healing Stage: 6-8 weeks of immobilization is standard.
- Resting Hand Splint: Provides comfort, commonly used post-stroke.
- Antideformity Splints (Intrinsic Plus): Used for positioning after trauma or edema.
- Short and Long Thumb Spica Splints: Stabilize the thumb for various conditions including arthritis and De Quervain syndrome.
- Wrist Cock-Up Splint: Used for conditions such as radial nerve injury and carpal tunnel.
Treatment Modalities (PAMs)
- Heat (Superficial): Promotes muscle relaxation and circulation; includes hot packs and fluidotherapy.
- Ultrasound (Deep Heat): Effective for deep tissue healing, especially in collagen-rich structures.
- Cold (Cryotherapy): Constricts circulation, alleviating pain during acute injuries.
- Electrical Stimulation (E-Stim): Induces muscle contraction and sensory stimulation.
Edema Management
- Edema Measurement Techniques: Includes volumeter or figure-eight circumferential measurement.
- Edema Treatment Acronym (MASTECCT): Encompasses manual edema mobilization, active range of motion, splinting, taping, elevation, compression, cold therapy, and thinking through the process.
Nerve and Joint Injuries
- Erb's Palsy: Upper brachial plexus injury characterized by weakness in the upper arm (waiter's tip positioning).
- Klumpke's Palsy: Lower brachial plexus injury leading to claw hand deformity and muscle weakness.
Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis (OA): Characterized by cartilage wear and tear, primarily affects the CMC and IP joints of the hand.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Autoimmune disorder affecting the MPs and wrist, often leading to deformities like ulnar drift and swan neck.
- Joint Protection Strategies: Involve activity modification, compensatory techniques, and adaptive equipment to minimize stress on joints.
ROM and Rehabilitation
- Standard ROM Progression: Typically follows immobilization, AROM, PROM, isometric, eccentric, and concentric exercises.
- Intrinsic Muscles: Include lumbricals and interossei, crucial for fine motor tasks.
Elbow Injuries
- Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments: Essential for joint stability; affected in conditions like tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) and acute valgus stress.
- Elbow Stabilization Techniques: Include immobilization in a posterior splint and progressive AROM exercises after 6-8 weeks of healing.
Special Conditions and Assessment
- Tests for Lateral Epicondylitis: Include Mill's test, Maudley's test, and Cozen's test to assess tendon pain and strength in the elbow region.
- Treatment Focus for Frozen Shoulder: Emphasizes pain-free AROM and modifications until the issue resolves naturally.
These detailed notes cover key terms, conditions, treatments, and anatomical features relevant to upper extremity assessment and rehabilitation.
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Test your knowledge of upper extremity anatomical terms with these flashcards. Each card presents a medical term related to the wrist and fingers, alongside its definition in English. Perfect for medical students or anyone studying anatomy.
