Questions and Answers
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
What atoms make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What is the primary function of lipids?
Supply long-term energy
What do proteins contain?
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What are nucleic acids made of?
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Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
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What is the function of enzymes?
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What are amino acids?
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What are the components of a nucleotide?
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What is the role of glycogen in animals?
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Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of ______.
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What is the sugar in DNA called?
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What does RNA stand for?
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What is the chemical bond that links amino acids called?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules Overview
- Four primary macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
- Composed of different elements:
- Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (CHOP).
- Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON).
- Nucleic Acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHOPN).
Carbohydrates
- Divided into three main types:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose.
- Disaccharides: Two sugar units requiring digestion, e.g., table sugar.
- Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar units, including starch (storage) and cellulose (structural).
Lipids
- Energy-rich compounds such as fats, oils, and waxes.
- Provide long-term energy and serve as the primary fat source in the body.
Proteins
- Composed of twenty different amino acids.
- Make up over 50% of cell dry mass.
- Enzymes, which are special proteins, act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
Nucleic Acids
- Include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
- DNA stores genetic information in a double helix structure, composed of nucleotides.
- RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is single-stranded.
Monosaccharides
- Simplest carbohydrate form, consisting of a single sugar molecule.
- Found in products like corn and maple syrup.
Disaccharides
- Formed from two monosaccharides and require digestion for absorption.
- Example includes sucrose (table sugar).
Polysaccharides
- Composed of three or more monosaccharides.
- Types include structural polysaccharides (like cellulose) and storage polysaccharides (like starch).
Specific Polysaccharides
- Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants, easily broken down by animals.
- Cellulose: Structural component in plants, serves as dietary fiber, not digestible by many animals.
- Glycogen: Energy reserve polysaccharide in animals and fungi for glucose storage.
- Chitin: Structural polysaccharide in arthropod exoskeletons, indigestible by most animals.
Lipid Types
- Triglycerides: Common form of fat in foods and the body, consisting of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
- Phospholipids: Contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group, creating hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
- Saturated Fats: Fatty acid chains without double bonds, solid at room temperature, primarily animal sources.
- Unsaturated Fats: At least one double bond present, generally liquid at room temperature, found in plant oils, beneficial for heart health.
Amino Acids
- Building blocks of proteins, characterized by amino and carboxyl groups.
Chemical Bonds
- Peptide Bonds: Covalent bonds linking amino acids in proteins.
Nucleotides
- Basic units of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four bases (in DNA).
Additional Notes
- Hydrophobic substances do not mix well with water due to lack of affinity.
- Enzymes reduce activation energy needed for reactions, facilitating metabolic processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the four macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions and essential characteristics to help you understand their roles in biology.
