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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of semantic memory?

  • Retention of acoustic information
  • Recollection of past experiences
  • Database of knowledge and meaning of words (correct)
  • Ability to recall visual images

What does the term 'Motor memory' refer to?

  • Memory that is automatic and unconscious after practice (correct)
  • Memory for visual tasks
  • Memory primarily relying on auditory information
  • A type of long-term memory for events

Which of the following best describes the trade-off between selective and divided attention?

  • Selective attention is the same as multi-tasking
  • It's essential to prioritize one task but may result in missing additional cues (correct)
  • Divided attention increases overall efficiency in learning
  • One focuses only on auditory inputs while ignoring visual signals

Which arousal level negatively impacts learning efficiency?

<p>Under-arousal where individuals are disengaged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem experienced by learners faced with high workload?

<p>Increased likelihood of spatial disorientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is constant feedback considered necessary for tasks demanded of a pilot?

<p>To correct slips and maintain attention on critical tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory involves the learning of checklists and procedures?

<p>Semantic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory is primarily affected by chunking data?

<p>Efficiency of retrieval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pilot often misinterpret during acceleration?

<p>The aircraft is climbing higher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensation does a pilot experience when the aircraft decelerates?

<p>Feeling of a pitch down (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of illusion can a downward sloping runway create for a pilot?

<p>The aircraft appears lower than it actually is (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the pilot's perception during acceleration?

<p>Altitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inertia affect a pilot's perception when the aircraft accelerates?

<p>It exaggerates the sensation of climbing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What illusion do pilots face when approaching an upslope runway?

<p>Aircraft appears higher than it actually is (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a climb, which physiological factor can mislead a pilot about their actual flight path?

<p>Sensations from inertia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect is primarily responsible for a pilot's misjudgment during flight maneuvers?

<p>Spatial disorientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when designing cockpit seating for pilots?

<p>Providing lumbar support and vibration absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of display is recommended for presenting quantitative information such as fuel levels?

<p>Digital display (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be balanced when determining the size and shape of aircraft windows?

<p>Aerodynamic efficiency and weight restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for cockpit displays to avoid using moving tape displays for critical endpoints?

<p>They can hinder quick and precise assessment of important data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the cockpit design facilitate in terms of pilot visibility?

<p>Viewing all displays and outside world with minimal head movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a primary aspect of cockpit seat design?

<p>Color customization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lumbar support in cockpit seat design?

<p>Reduce the chances of lower back pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation do analogue displays provide an advantage over digital displays?

<p>When clarity of qualitative comparison is needed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with using routine checklists during flight operations?

<p>Pilots may respond to them automatically instead of diligently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of errors are known as active errors or failures?

<p>Errors committed at the human-system interface with immediate effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employing color in text categorization?

<p>To categorize information and indicate importance in different sections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common issue can arise from a pilot using their thumb as a marker while referring to a checklist?

<p>It may result in checklist items being missed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes latent errors or failures?

<p>They result from decisions made by designers and management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the typeface be chosen for operational documents?

<p>It should focus on maximizing legibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when using color in operational text?

<p>Color combinations must maintain legibility under varied lighting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the maximum benefit of checklists in aviation?

<p>Adhering to the designed checklist procedures consistently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's Law, if the pressure of a gas is increased, what happens to its volume?

<p>Volume decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles' Law describe?

<p>The volume of a gas in relation to its temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, what does the total pressure of a gas mixture equal?

<p>The sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the circulatory system receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

<p>Left atrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure does the exchange of gases primarily occur?

<p>Alveoli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct mathematical representation of the General Gas Equation?

<p>PV/T = C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood is returned to the lungs for oxygenation?

<p>Deoxygenated blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do capillaries play in the respiratory system?

<p>Facilitating gas exchange in the alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total pressure if two gases contribute pressures of 500 hPa and 700 hPa?

<p>1200 hPa. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes psychosomatic stressors?

<p>Mental and emotional stressors that produce physical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a pilot to experience stress during flight?

<p>A plan of action that needs revision with no immediate solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a physical stressor?

<p>Marital problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy for managing physical stressors effectively?

<p>Engaging in thorough time management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to psychological stress during flight operations?

<p>Flashing lights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is advised for psychological preparation in high-stress environments?

<p>Preparation and placing confidence in one’s abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies an environmental stressor?

<p>Uncomfortable seating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to manage stress?

<p>Regular physical fitness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Boyle's Law

Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature.

Charles' Law

Volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant pressure.

Dalton's Law

Total pressure of a gas mixture is sum of partial pressures of each gas.

Partial Pressure

Pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture.

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General gas equation

Combination of Boyle's and Charles' law.

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Circulatory System

Network that pumps blood through the body and lungs.

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Heart

Organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

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Oxygenated Blood

Blood carrying oxygen.

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Contaminated Blood

Blood carrying waste products after delivering oxygen.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Chunking

Grouping pieces of information together to make it easier to remember.

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Acoustic information

Information processed through sound.

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Semantic Memory

Memory of general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

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Episodic Memory

Memory of specific events and experiences.

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Motor Memory

Memory for learned motor skills.

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Selective Attention

Focusing on specific information while ignoring the rest.

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Workload and Arousal

Optimal task performance is achieved with the correct arousal level. Too high or too low can affect performance

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Spatial Disorientation

False perception of aircraft attitude.

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Aircraft Acceleration

When an aircraft accelerates, the pilot feels a false pitch up, experiencing apparent increased gravity.

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Aircraft Deceleration

During deceleration, the pilot feels a false pitch down, experiencing apparent reduced gravity.

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Spatial Disorientation

A mental state where a pilot loses their sense of the aircraft's attitude and movement, due to acceleration and deceleration.

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Runway Slope Illusion

Visual deception caused by a sloping runway, causing the pilot to misjudge altitude during landing.

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Downward Sloping Runway

A runway slope that makes the aircraft appear lower than it actually is, leading to a higher approach.

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Upward Sloping Runway

A runway slope that makes the aircraft appear higher than it actually is, leading to a lower approach.

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Pilot's Perception of Acceleration

Pilot experiences apparent increased gravity during acceleration.

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Pilot's Perception of Deceleration

Pilot experiences apparent reduced gravity during deceleration.

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Physical Stressors

Environmental factors that can impact performance, such as temperature, humidity, and noise.

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Physical Preparation

Actions taken to reduce the negative effects of physical stressors on performance.

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Intellectual, Psychological, and Emotional Stressors

Mental and emotional factors that can lead to physical stress, such as strained relationships or financial problems.

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Psychosomatic Stress

Mental and emotional stress manifesting in physical stress reactions.

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Pilot Stress

Circumstances in flight that lead to stress, such as unexpected changes in plans; and inexperience with situations requiring fast decisions.

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Stress Management

Strategies for dealing with and minimizing the effects of stress.

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Psychological Preparation

Mental strategies to prepare for stressful situations and optimize performance.

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Workload and Arousal

The balance of task demands and the level of alertness needed for optimal performance.

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Cockpit Design for Pilots

Cockpit design prioritizes pilots' ability to easily see all essential displays and the surrounding environment, minimizing head movements.

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Aircraft Window Size

Aircraft windows balance external visibility with aerodynamic and weight constraints. Larger windows require thicker glass and frames.

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Pilot Seating Comfort

Cockpit seats must be comfortable, adjustable, and supportive (especially lumbar) to reduce back pain and isolate pilots from vibrations.

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Digital vs. Analog Displays

Digital displays excel for quantitative data (e.g., fuel levels), while analogue displays are better for qualitative or comparative information.

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Optimal Cockpit Display

Critical cockpit instrumentation should be clearly presented, avoiding moving tape displays.

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Quantitative Information

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

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Qualitative Information

Information describing qualities or characteristics rather than numerical measures.

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Moving Tape Displays

Displays that show information by moving a tape. Not recommended for critical measurements.

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Checklist errors

Using checklists automatically instead of diligently, leading to missed or skipped items.

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Active failures

Mistakes at the human-system interface, like in the cockpit, with immediate effects.

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Latent failures

Mistakes in design, manufacturing, or management, causing problems over time.

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Checklist Design

Pilot adherence to the designed procedure in the checklist provides optimal benefit.

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Legibility considerations

Ensure sufficient text size and typeface choice to aid in poor lighting conditions for highly-worked crews.

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Color use for text

Colors aid categorization but may lose legibility under varying light conditions.

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External event interrupting checklist

Disruptions like radio calls can cause omissions of items in a checklist.

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Checklist omission

Items might be missed due to an external event, manual handling, or a lack of focused attention.

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Study Notes

Human Performance One

  • Course code: 6ENT1169
  • Lecturer: Dr Ivan Sikora
  • Topics covered include navigation, human factors, and meteorology.

Module Aims

  • Enable students to develop a comprehensive understanding of aircraft navigation principles.
  • Provide understanding of how atmospheric conditions impact VFR (Visual Flight Rules) and IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) operations.
  • Develop knowledge and understanding of factors limiting human performance.

Human Physiology

  • Fundamental knowledge of the atmosphere
  • The circulation system
  • Oxygen and respiration
  • The human ear
  • The human eye and vision
  • EASA Part-FCL/eRules, Aug 2020 (Subpart C).

Fundamental Knowledge of Atmosphere

  • Structure of the atmosphere (exosphere, ionosphere, stratosphere, troposphere)
  • Approximate composition of dry air (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Other gases)
  • Atmosphere contains varying amounts of water vapor.
  • International Standard Atmosphere (Temperature profile, Pressure profile, Density)
  • Gas laws (Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, General Gas equation, Dalton's Law of partial pressures)
  • Oxygen and Nitrogen Pressure change with altitude.

The Circulation System

  • Circulation schematic (CO2 rich air OUT, O2 rich air IN, Right/Left Atrium, Right/Left Ventricle, Heart, Body)
  • The Heart (Oxygenated blood to body, Contaminated blood to lungs, Oxygenated blood from lungs, Contaminated blood to lungs)
  • Lungs (Bronchi, Bronchial Tree, Lungs)
  • O2 Transportation (Alveolus, Capillary, Oxygenated Blood, De-Oxygenated Blood, Haemoglobin)
  • Need for oxygen (Hypoxia, symptoms, onset factors)
  • Time of useful consciousness (relationship with altitude)

Oxygen and Respiration

  • Oxygen requirements (SL to 10000ft, 10000ft to 33700ft, 33700ft to 40000ft, Above 40000ft)
  • Hyperventilation (causes, symptoms)
  • Depressurisation (Oxygen requirements, gas expansion problems)
  • Effect of 'G' (blood pooling, anti-G suits)
  • Decompression sickness (The Bends, Creeps, Stagger, In the brain)

The Human Ear

  • The anatomy of the ear (pinna, ear canal, eardrum, middle ear ossicles [malleus, incus, stapes], Eustachian tube, inner ear [cochlea])
  • How we hear (tensor tympani, malleus, incus, stapes, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, cochlea, auditory nerve)
  • Hearing frequency range
  • Cockpit noise levels and ear protection

The Human Eye and Vision

  • Components of the eye
  • The Retina (Cones, Rods)
  • Normal eye range
  • Short-sightedness (myopia) and Correction
  • Long-sightedness (hyperopia) and Correction
  • Color blindness
  • Testing eyes (visual acuity)

Human Performance Two

  • Topics covered include Human Psychology, Flying and Health, Diet and Health, Heart Disease, Alcohol and Drugs.

Human Performance Three

  • Topics covered include Human and Cockpit, Personalities and CRM, Cockpit Design and Procedures.

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