Embolism, Infarction, Shock
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a histopathologic change that occurs in the adrenal gland during shock?

  • Coagulative necrosis
  • Fatty change
  • Hemorrhage and mucosal necrosis
  • Cortical lipid depletion (correct)
  • What is the initial peripheral vascular response in septic shock?

  • Vasodilation (correct)
  • Hemorrhage
  • Mucosal necrosis
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Which organ shows evidence of damage throughout other tissues during shock?

  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Brain (correct)
  • Kidney
  • What type of necrosis occurs in the heart during shock?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of cell damage in many tissues during shock?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of irreversible stage of shock?

    <p>Total organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the major categories of shock mentioned in the text?

    <p>Neurogenic Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with Cardiogenic Shock?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of Cardiogenic Shock mentioned in the text?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with Septic Shock?

    <p>25-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of septic shock?

    <p>Gram negative - endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of shock is characterized by widespread hypoxia and imbalances due to anaerobic glycolysis and production of lactic acid?

    <p>Progressive stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is responsible for the sudden onset of symptoms such as rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, irritability, delirium, and coma?

    <p>Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for patients who develop Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by the introduction of >100 ml of air into the vasculature?

    <p>Air Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for Amniotic Fluid Embolism?

    <p>40-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of infarcts?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infarct occurs in loose tissues with sluggish venous outflow or venous occlusion?

    <p>Red infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the definition of embolism?

    <p>A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main origin of emboli?

    <p>An existing thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of embolism mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hemorrhagic Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of infarct?

    <p>A blockage of blood flow to an organ resulting in tissue death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two morphologic types of infarct mentioned in the text?

    <p>Red Infarct and White Infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of shock?

    <p>A state of inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in cellular, metabolic, and functional abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels are most commonly affected by emboli arising from venous thrombi?

    <p>Pulmonary artery and its branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated occurrence rate of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients?

    <p>20-25 per 100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of emboli lodging within a vessel with a smaller diameter than the embolus itself?

    <p>Ischemic infarct and necrosis of downstream tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of infarct in tissues downstream of occluded vessels?

    <p>Determined by the size of the embolus, the type of tissue affected, and whether the tissue has a dual blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common origin of systemic thromboemboli?

    <p>Cardiac mural thrombi in the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when venous thrombi give rise to emboli that travel to the right ventricle and then move into the left ventricle via a defect in the inter-ventricular wall?

    <p>Paradoxical embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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