20th Century US History Overview

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Questions and Answers

What significant event occurred in 1919 in relation to the United States' role in international organizations?

  • The U.S. joined the League of Nations.
  • The U.S. refused to join the League of Nations. (correct)
  • The U.S. signed the Treaty of Paris.
  • The U.S. established the United Nations.

What does the 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, pertain to?

  • Establishing a federal income tax.
  • Prohibition of alcohol.
  • Abolishing slavery.
  • Women's right to vote. (correct)

What monumental economic event began in 1929?

  • The Great Depression. (correct)
  • The New Deal.
  • The Great Recession.
  • The Stock Market Crash.

Which event directly led to the United States' involvement in World War II?

<p>Attack on Pearl Harbor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pivotal legislation was passed in 1964 to advance civil rights?

<p>Civil Rights Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant space achievement occurred in 1969?

<p>First human on the Moon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the 2008 presidential election?

<p>Electing the first African American president. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historic event took place in 2021 involving supporters of Donald Trump?

<p>Capitol riots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a core focus of the conservative movement during the 1970s and 1980s?

<p>Emphasis on family values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic policy became dominant during the era of neoliberalism in the 1980s?

<p>Deregulation and privatization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement was characterized by its opposition to the Vietnam War and advocacy for equality?

<p>The Counterculture of the 1960s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main agenda of the Tea Party movement that emerged in 2009?

<p>Opposition to federal government expansion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Black Lives Matter movement was founded in response to which issue?

<p>Police violence against African Americans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event symbolized the rising political tensions in 2021?

<p>The Capitol riot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which contemporary social movement focuses on sexual harassment and assault awareness?

<p>#MeToo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure is closely associated with the rise of the populist movement during Donald Trump's presidency?

<p>Donald Trump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in 1955 marked the rise of civil rights activism in the United States?

<p>Montgomery Bus Boycott (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954?

<p>Declaration of school segregation as unconstitutional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement, founded in 1966, aimed to combat police violence against African Americans?

<p>Black Panthers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stonewall riots of 1969 are regarded as a crucial event for which movement?

<p>LGBTQ+ rights movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of the Women's Rights Movement in the 1970s?

<p>Roe v. Wade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment, passed in 1920, granted women the right to vote in the United States?

<p>19th Amendment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement was initiated in 2010 to protest economic inequalities?

<p>Occupy Wall Street (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event in 2014 reignited attention to systemic racism and police brutality in the U.S.?

<p>Ferguson protests after Michael Brown's death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve?

<p>It prohibited workplace discrimination based on race, sex, and religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the first Earth Day celebrated, initiating environmental awareness?

<p>1970 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2017 movement brought attention to gender-based violence and inequalities?

<p>#MeToo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Title IX, enacted in 1972?

<p>To prohibit gender discrimination in federally funded education programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement emerged as a response to the acquittal of police in the beating of Rodney King?

<p>Black Lives Matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that contributed to the rise of the Populist movement in the 1890s?

<p>Rising power of industrialists and banks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Roosevelt's presidency

Theodore Roosevelt's presidency began in 1901, marking a period of progressive reform and American expansion.

US entry in WWI

The United States entered World War I in 1917 due to the sinking of the Lusitania (1915) and the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, which revealed Germany's plan to ally with Mexico against the US.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 concluded World War I, but the US refused to join the League of Nations, opting for isolationist policies.

19th Amendment

The 19th Amendment, passed in 1920, granted women the right to vote, signifying a major step towards gender equality in the US.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression, triggered by the Wall Street Crash in 1929, plunged the US into a severe economic downturn characterized by widespread unemployment and poverty.

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New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1933 amidst the Great Depression, launched the New Deal, a series of programs aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform to alleviate economic hardship.

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Pearl Harbor attack

The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, marked the US entry into World War II, leading to a dramatic shift in global power.

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End of WWII

The end of World War II in 1945 brought the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, marking a turning point in global politics and the rise of the US as a superpower.

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Counterculture (1960s)

A movement originating in the 1960s that opposed traditional societal norms and advocated for peace, racial equality, women's rights, and an end to the Vietnam War. Known for figures like hippies and events like Woodstock.

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Conservative Movement (1970s-1980s)

A political movement that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s focused on traditional values, family, opposition to abortion, and a free-market economy. Key figures include Ronald Reagan and Jerry Falwell.

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Neoliberalism (1980s)

A political philosophy that promotes free markets, limited regulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy. Influential under Ronald Reagan's presidency and internationally in the UK.

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Tea Party (2009)

A fiscally conservative, populist movement that emerged in 2009, opposing the expansion of the federal government, particularly under Barack Obama. Marked by a rise of nationalism and a hard-line conservative approach, promoting limited government and individual responsibility.

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Black Lives Matter (2013)

A movement that emerged in 2013 in response to police brutality against African Americans. Characterized by protests following the deaths of Trayvon Martin, George Floyd, and others. This movement calls for social justice and an end to systemic racism.

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MeToo Movement (2017)

A movement that gained momentum in 2017 following revelations of sexual assault and harassment in the entertainment industry. This movement aims to raise awareness of power abuse and calls for social and legal reforms to address the issue.

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Nationalism and Populism (2010s-present)

A political and social trend that emerged in the 2010s characterized by a populist approach, often nationalist sentiments, and a rejection of traditional political institutions.

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Populism under Donald Trump (2016-2020)

Campaigning on issues like immigration, economic protectionism, and rejection of the political elite. Notably the 'Make America Great Again' slogan represents a key aspect of this movement.

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Progressivism (1890s-1920s)

A progressive movement in the US during the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to address the excesses of industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption. It emphasized reforms to promote social justice, economic fairness, and government accountability.

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Regulation of key industries (Progressivism)

This movement aimed to curb the excesses of capitalism and monopolies by advocating for government regulation of key industries like railroads and banking. This was intended to protect consumers and ensure a fair market.

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Workers' rights (Progressivism)

Progressives believed in improving working conditions for laborers. They supported the formation of unions and advocated for child labor laws and workplace safety regulations. This was driven by the need to protect workers from exploitation in industrial settings.

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Anti-corruption efforts (Progressivism)

This movement aimed to expose and address corruption within the government. This involved promoting transparency in government operations and holding officials accountable for their actions.

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Populism (1890s-1930s)

A political movement that emerged in the late 19th century, primarily focused on the interests of farmers and advocating against perceived corruption within the elite. It was driven by rising economic inequality, corporate power, and the hardships faced by farmers due to overwhelming debt.

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Left-wing Populism

A key aspect of populism that focuses on economic inequality, calling for redistribution of wealth and challenging the dominance of big corporations and financial institutions.

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Right-wing Populism

A form of populism often characterized by nationalist sentiments, protectionist policies, and emphasis on cultural issues. It can be seen as a backlash against globalization and perceived threats to traditional values.

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Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)

A monumental movement in the 1950s and 1960s that sought to dismantle racial segregation and secure full civil rights for African Americans. This involved challenging discriminatory laws and practices, advocating for equal opportunities, and ending systemic racism.

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling was pivotal in the fight for educational equality and marked a major turning point in the Civil Rights Movement.

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Civil Rights Act (1964)

This act, passed in 1964, prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and various other areas. It was a significant step towards eliminating racial and other forms of discrimination.

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Feminist Movement (1960s-1970s)

The feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, characterized by a focus on gender equality, reproductive rights, and ending discrimination in the workplace. It emphasized women's autonomy, challenging traditional societal roles and demanding equal opportunities.

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Roe v. Wade (1973)

A landmark Supreme Court decision in 1973 that guaranteed a woman's right to have an abortion. It legalized abortion nationwide and sparked a debate that continues to this day.

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Stonewall Riots (1969)

The Stonewall riots, a series of violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in 1969. These riots are considered the defining moment in the modern fight for LGBTQ+ rights and are remembered as a crucial turning point in the movement for LGBTQ+ liberation.

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LGBTQ+ Activism (1960s-1970s)

This movement encompasses a wide range of social and political activism promoting LGBTQ+ rights, challenging discrimination, and advocating for equality and inclusion. It encompasses efforts for legal recognition, social acceptance, and an end to prejudice.

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Study Notes

Early 20th Century (1900-1945)

  • Theodore Roosevelt's presidency began in 1901.
  • US entry into WWI in 1917, following the Lusitania sinking (1915) and Zimmermann telegram interception.
  • Treaty of Versailles (1919); US refusal to join the League of Nations.
  • 19th Amendment (1920): Women's suffrage.
  • Wall Street Crash (1929) started the Great Depression.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's election (1933), launching the New Deal.
  • Pearl Harbor attack (December 7, 1941) led to US involvement in WWII.
  • WWII ended in 1945, with atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Cold War and Social Struggles (1945-1991)

  • Truman Doctrine (1947), marking the start of the Cold War.
  • Korean War (1950-1953) between communist North and US-backed South.
  • Civil rights movement began (1954) after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
  • John F. Kennedy elected (1961); Berlin Wall constructed.
  • JFK assassination (1963), Lyndon B. Johnson becoming president.
  • Civil Rights Act (1964) ended legal segregation, Vietnam War began.
  • First man on the moon (Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11) in 1969.
  • US withdrawal from Vietnam (1973) after Paris Accords.
  • Richard Nixon's resignation (1974) following Watergate scandal.
  • Ronald Reagan's election (1980), "Reaganomics" began.
  • Collapse of the USSR (1991), officially ending the Cold War.

Since the End of the Cold War (1991-21st Century)

  • 9/11 attacks (2001), initiating the "War on Terror".
  • US invasion of Iraq (2003) under Bush administration, purportedly to counter weapons of mass destruction (non-confirmed.)
  • Barack Obama elected (2008), first African-American US president.
  • Osama Bin Laden's death (2011) by US forces in Pakistan.
  • Donald Trump's election (2016), marking a populist and nationalist trend.
  • Joe Biden's election (2020), COVID-19 pandemic began; George Floyd's death amplified social movements (Black Lives Matter).
  • Capitol riot (January 6, 2021) by Donald Trump's supporters.

Civil Rights and Social Movements

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955), Rosa Parks.
  • Stonewall Riots (1969), modern LGBTQ+ movement.
  • Los Angeles riots (1992) following acquittals of police officers who beat Rodney King.
  • Black Lives Matter (2014) after Michael Brown's death in Ferguson.

Early 20th Century Modern Movements

  • NAACP founded (1908) against racial discrimination.
  • Harlem Renaissance (1910s-1920s), African-American cultural movement.
  • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911), prompting worker's rights and safety demands.
  • The 19th Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote.

1930s-1960s: Civil Rights & Equality Struggles

  • Social Security Act (1935), crucial US social safety net.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public schools.
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955), beginning Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership.
  • March on Washington and "I Have a Dream" speech (1963) by MLK Jr.
  • Civil Rights Act (1964) ended racial, sexual, and religious discrimination in public spaces and employment.
  • Voting Rights Act (1965) removed voting barriers (literacy tests, taxes, etc.) for African Americans.

1960s-1980s: Social Challenges and Expansions

  • Black Panthers founded (1966) for African American rights in response to police brutality.
  • Stonewall Riots (1969) initiated the modern LGBTQ+ movement.
  • First Earth Day (1970) raised environmental concerns.
  • Title IX (1972) prohibited gender-based discrimination in state-funded educational programs.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Supreme Court decision ensured constitutional right to abortion.
  • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) march (1978) aimed at constitutional equality for sex, but amendment never ratified.

1990s-2010s: Identity Movements & Demands

  • Los Angeles riots (1992) highlighted police brutality and institutional racism after Rodney King's acquittal.
  • Global social forums began (2000, Porto Alegre), representing counter-globalization movements (against neoliberalism).
  • Occupy Wall Street (2010), protesting economic inequality and the power of the 1%.

2010s-2020s: Resistance & New Mobilizations

  • Black Lives Matter (2013) arose after Trayvon Martin's death and the killer's acquittal.
  • Same-sex marriage legalized nationwide (2015, Obergefell v. Hodges).
  • #MeToo movement (2017) exposed sexual abuse and gender inequality.
  • George Floyd's death (2020) amplified Black Lives Matter and global protests against systemic racism.
  • Renewed abortion rights fight (2023) following Roe v. Wade's overturning.

Political Movements

Progressivism (1890s-1920s)

  • Roosevelt & Wilson: Regulate excesses of capitalism, anti-monopoly, regulate key industries to protect consumers, allow a fair and free market. Improve conditions for workers: unions, child labour, legal protection.
  • Fight against government corruption and questionable practices.
  • Respond to industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption excesses; economic (regulations), social (workers' rights, women's suffrage), and political reforms aimed at limiting monopolies.
  • Key figures: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson.

Populism (1890s-1930s)

  • Opposition to perceived corrupt elites.
  • A rural movement protecting small farmers against economic and industrial elites.
  • Partial merger with progressivism in the first decades of the 20th century.
  • Left-wing Populism focused on economic inequalities and wealth redistribution.
  • Right-wing Populism focused on nationalistic, protectionist, and cultural demands.

Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)

  • Aim: End racial segregation, secure civil rights for African Americans.
  • Key events: Brown v. Board of Education, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act.
  • Key figures: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks.

Feminist Movement (1960s-1970s)

  • Second-wave feminism focused on gender equality, abortion rights (Roe v. Wade), and ending workplace discrimination.
  • Key figures: Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem.

LGBTQ+ Activism (1960s-1970s)

  • Modern movement began with the Stonewall Riots (1969).
  • Calls for civil rights, social recognition, legal equality.

Conservative Movement (1970s-1980s)

  • Reaction against progressive advances.
  • Focused on family values, opposition to abortion, and market economy.
  • Key figures: Ronald Reagan, Jerry Falwell (Moral Majority).

Neoliberalism (1980s)

  • Reduced government role in the economy, deregulation, privatization.
  • Dominant economic policy under Reagan, influential internationally (Thatcherism in UK).

Counterculture (1960s)

  • Anti-establishment movement promoting peace, racial equality, women's rights, and ending the Vietnam War.
  • Marked by figures like hippies and events like Woodstock (1969).

Increasing Political Polarization (2000s-Present)

Conservative Populism and Tea Party (2009)

  • Fiscal conservative populist movement opposed to federal government expansion (especially under Barack Obama).
  • Marked rising nationalism and hard-line conservatism, paving the way for Donald Trump.

Contemporary Progressive Movement

  • Supporters of Green New Deal, Medicare for All, and minority rights.
  • Key figures: Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.

Black Lives Matter (2013)

  • Response to police brutality against African Americans.
  • Marked by protests following deaths of Trayvon Martin, George Floyd, etc.

#MeToo Movement (2017)

  • Emerged after sexual abuse revelations in entertainment industry.
  • Highlighted abuses of power and called for social and judicial reforms.

Nationalism and Populism (2010s-Present)

Populism under Donald Trump (2016-2020)

  • Campaigns focused on immigration, economic protectionism, rejection of elites.
  • Make America Great Again (MAGA) movement influential after his presidency.

Capitol Attack (2021)

  • Symbolized rising political tensions, marked by conspiracy theories and extreme polarization.

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