20/20 Vision

Obstruction of the ear canal

To determine whether sensorineural or conductive hearing loss is present

To perform ear irrigations

To differentiate between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

Myopia

Hyperopia

Presbyopia

Astigmatism

Optometrist

Hyperopia

To identify color vision deficiencies

Plate deficiency

4

To measure color perception

Not mentioned in the text

Obstruction of the ear canal

To determine whether sensorineural or conductive hearing loss is present

To perform ear irrigations

Cleaning the ear with a cotton-tipped swab

The patient can read line #7 clearly from 20 feet away

Excessive earwax buildup

To determine their visual acuity

Inability to distinguish between red and green shades

Myopia

Presbyopia

To test for myopia

To correct hyperopia

Ophthalmologist = Specializes in eye anatomy, function, and diseases. Can perform medications and surgery. Optometrist = Specializes in visual defects only, fitting patients with glasses and contacts. Medical Assistant = Does not commonly work in ophthalmology or optometric settings, requires additional training.

Refractive errors = A common eye disorder, refers to the way light from objects is focused through the eye to form an image on the retina. Cornea = The part of the eye where light waves enter. Retina = The back of the eye where the focal point of light should touch.

Glasses or contact lens = Corrects most common disorders. Medications and surgery = Required for more serious problems, can only be performed by an ophthalmologist. Separate training thru ophthalmic medical technician program = Required for Medical Assistants to work in ophthalmology or optometric settings.

Myopia = Condition in which images of distant objects come into focus in front of the retina. Nearby objects are seen clearly but objects far away are blurred. Hyperopia = Condition where images come into focus behind the retina. Faraway objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurry. Presbyopia = Form of farsightedness that occurs with age, secondary to a loss of accommodation of the lens. Objects close to the eyes are blurry. Astigmatism = Condition where light refracts onto the retina off-center due to an unevenly curved cornea or abnormal lens shape. Results in blurry or double vision.

Vitreous humor = The eyeball's inner fluid. Its amount can change the focal point of the eye. Retina = The point in the eye where light ideally focuses to create clear vision. Fovea = The ideal place on the retina for the light to focus on, where visual acuity is the highest. LASIK = Laser vision correction surgery used to correct the curvature of the cornea in conditions like astigmatism.

Myopia = Eyeball is too long due to too much inner fluid. Hyperopia = Eyeball is too short. Presbyopia = Loss of accommodation of the lens due to aging. Inner-eye muscles atrophy causing the lens to become less elastic. Astigmatism = Unevenly curved cornea or an abnormal lens shape, often due to genetics.

Myopia = Ability to only see objects near to you clearly. Objects far away are blurred. Hyperopia = Ability to only see objects far away clearly. Objects close to the eyes are blurry. Presbyopia = Difficulty in seeing objects up close as we age. Astigmatism = Blurry, double-vision due to off-center focus on the retina.

20/20 Vision = A person can see an object clearly from 20 feet away, just like folks with 'normal vision' can. 20/25 Vision = A person standing at 25 feet away from the same chart could see that same line clearly, but our patient needs to be 5 feet closer to read the same line. 20/10 Vision = A person can read smaller letters further down the chart. They are 20 feet away reading letters that a person with normal vision would need to be 10 feet closer to see. 20/4 Vision = A person can see an object clearly at 20 feet away where most humans would need to be just 4 feet away to see it clearly.

OS = Oculus Sinister, meaning left eye DVA = Distance Visual Acuity CVD = Color Vision Deficiency E chart = A chart with shapes and symbols used for vision testing in younger children

Corrective lenses for distance vision = Lenses that the patient should wear during DVA testing to help accurately determine if the prescribed lenses should be changed. Lenses corrected for near vision = Lenses that a patient should not wear during DVA testing, as this can alter test results. Both eyes open during individual eye tests = A directive given to the patient to prevent inaccurately poor results due to refocusing after closing or squinting. Re-reading incorrect answers = An opportunity given to the patient to correct any mistakes before marking results.

DVA testing = Performed generally around age 3, per the American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Reasons for DVA screening = Preventive, clearance for sports/other extracurricular functions, or any vision-related signs & symptoms. 10 feet = The distance at which a test may be shortened to for younger children. E chart = A chart with shapes and symbols that may be used for younger children.

Ishihara book = A tool used for CVD screening that contains colorful circles or 'plates' with images Control plate = A baseline plate in the Ishihara book to measure against other plate readings Congenital CVD = The most common form of CVD, usually present at birth due to inherited genetics Department of Transportation (DOT) physical examinations = A context in which adults might be retested for CVD

Introduction = Greet the patient, explain the purpose of the test, and ask if they've done it before Testing procedure = Show the plates in the Ishihara book to the patient and ask them to identify what they see Documentation = Take note of any missed plates and their corresponding numbers Closing communication = Explain the test results to the patient without making a diagnostic or interpretive statement

Red-green color deficiency = A type of CVD that the Ishihara plates screen for Blue-yellow color deficiency = Another type of CVD that the Ishihara plates screen for Total color deficiency = A severe form of CVD that the Ishihara plates also screen for

Pediatric patient care = Start screening around age 4, ensure the child can read English numerals, and provide encouragement and support Understanding results = Document an accurate score and which plates were missed, acknowledging that results are not 100% reliable Ishihara patient-centered care and communication = Introduce yourself, explain the test using simple terms, and proceed at the patient's pace Professionalism = Avoid reacting in a way that compromises your professionalism or makes a patient feel judged if they answer a plate incorrectly

Conductive hearing loss = Caused by an interruption in the transmission of sound waves to the inner ear Sensorineural hearing loss = Occurs when there is damage to the inner ear, to the nerve that leads from the ear to the brain, or to the brain itself Cerumen impaction = Caused by earwax build up in the ear canal causing a full feeling in the ear, ear pain, partial hearing loss, and tinnitus Otosclerosis = A condition that can cause conductive hearing loss

Weber Test = A tuning fork struck against a surface creates sound vibrations. When moved to the top of head, it helps determine which ear has hearing loss Rinne test = Uses the same tuning fork with sound vibrations, placed on mastoid process of ears, determines whether sensorineural hearing loss or conductive hearing loss is the culprit by using air vs. bone conduction of sound

Otoscope = A device used by the physician to look into the patient's ears Ear curette = A tool that may be used by the licensed practitioner to remove the wax from the ear Ear lavage = A procedure where water, a debriding agent and some form of mechanism to spray solution into the ear physically dislodges and removes ear wax from the ear canal Tuning fork = A device that creates sound vibrations and is used in Weber and Rinne tests

Otologist = An ear specialist who treats diseases and disorders of the ears General practitioners, internists, and allergists = May also treat conditions of the ear Medical Assistant = May be on the front line of helping provide care, and even relief, for patients having problems with their hearing or ears in general