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Questions and Answers
Which of these options correctly identifies the location of the Moderator band?
Which of these options correctly identifies the location of the Moderator band?
What is the normal variant known as the thin string-like structures extending from the papillary muscle to the interventricular septum in the left ventricle?
What is the normal variant known as the thin string-like structures extending from the papillary muscle to the interventricular septum in the left ventricle?
Which term describes the normal variant that consists of fine filamentous strands originating from the aortic valve?
Which term describes the normal variant that consists of fine filamentous strands originating from the aortic valve?
The shape of the interventricular septum (IVS) is likely to become which shape in older age?
The shape of the interventricular septum (IVS) is likely to become which shape in older age?
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In the context of cardiac anatomy, where does the left main coronary artery arise from?
In the context of cardiac anatomy, where does the left main coronary artery arise from?
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Which structure is correctly associated with the right ventricle according to its anatomical features?
Which structure is correctly associated with the right ventricle according to its anatomical features?
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What is true about the interventricular septum and left ventricular outflow tract in relation to aging?
What is true about the interventricular septum and left ventricular outflow tract in relation to aging?
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In reference to cardiac anatomical variants, which is NOT described as a normal variant?
In reference to cardiac anatomical variants, which is NOT described as a normal variant?
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What is the first step of blood flow after it is pumped from the left ventricle?
What is the first step of blood flow after it is pumped from the left ventricle?
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Which arteries originate from the sinuses of Valsalva?
Which arteries originate from the sinuses of Valsalva?
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What structures are located between the left subclavian artery and the ligamentum arteriosum?
What structures are located between the left subclavian artery and the ligamentum arteriosum?
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Which of the following vessels is mainly responsible for returning blood from capillary beds?
Which of the following vessels is mainly responsible for returning blood from capillary beds?
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What type of blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues?
What type of blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues?
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What is the main structural difference between arteries and veins?
What is the main structural difference between arteries and veins?
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What area does the descending thoracic aorta travel through?
What area does the descending thoracic aorta travel through?
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What is the primary function of capillaries?
What is the primary function of capillaries?
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What does the sinus venosus ultimately form?
What does the sinus venosus ultimately form?
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What structure within the atrioventricular canal is responsible for separating it into left and right sided orifices?
What structure within the atrioventricular canal is responsible for separating it into left and right sided orifices?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for gas and nutrient exchange in the fetus?
Which structure is primarily responsible for gas and nutrient exchange in the fetus?
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The left horn of the sinus venosus forms which structure?
The left horn of the sinus venosus forms which structure?
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The Chiari network is a remnant of which structure?
The Chiari network is a remnant of which structure?
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True or False: The Eustachian valve originates from the left horn of the sinus venosus.
True or False: The Eustachian valve originates from the left horn of the sinus venosus.
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Which of the following structures helps in separating the primitive atrium from the primitive ventricle?
Which of the following structures helps in separating the primitive atrium from the primitive ventricle?
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The right horn of the sinus venosus becomes absorbed into which structure?
The right horn of the sinus venosus becomes absorbed into which structure?
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Study Notes
2009 Final Review Part 1: Basic Embryology
- The heart is the first organ to function within an embryo.
- The heart develops from a pair of heart tubes.
- These heart tubes are composed of two layers of cells.
- The outer layer forms the myocardium.
- The inner layer forms the endocardium.
Week 3 Heart Development
- Sinus venosus develops into the superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and pulmonary veins.
- Primitive atrium divides into right and left atria.
- Atrioventricular sulcus divides the primitive atrium.
- Primitive ventricle develops into the apical portion of the left ventricle (LV) and inlet portion of the right ventricle (RV).
- Interventricular sulcus divides the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis.
- Bulbus cordis develops into the apical portion of the RV, RV outflow tract (RVOT), LV outflow tract (LVOT), aorta (AO), and pulmonary artery (PA).
- The aorta begins to form the aortic arch.
Heart Embryology: Sinus Venosus
- The sinus venosus has a right and left sinus horn.
- The left horn forms the coronary sinus.
- The right horn becomes absorbed into the right atrium.
Endocardial Cushion
- Endocardial cushions form the tricuspid valve, mitral valve, and parts of the atrial and ventricular septa.
Questions about Heart Development
- The heart is the first organ to function during embryonic development: TRUE
- The sinus venosus develops into the superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins: TRUE
- The structure responsible for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient, and waste exchange in the fetus is the placenta.
- The right sinus horn becomes absorbed into the right atrium as the sinus venarum.
- The left sinus horn forms the coronary sinus.
- The growth of the atrioventricular canal separates into left and right sides, forming the mitral and tricuspid valves. This is accomplished by the endocardial cushions.
Normal Variants
- Chiari network is an embryologic remnant of the sinus venosus valves.
- Eustachian valve is an embryologic remnant of the inferior vena cava valve.
- Moderator band is a band-like structure in the right ventricle.
- False tendons are thin, string-like structures in the left ventricle.
- Sigmoid septum is an S-shaped septum.
- Lambl's excrescences are fine filamentous strands originating from the aortic valve in elderly patients, commonly considered a degenerative change.
Questions Regarding Normal Variants
- The Chiari network is an embryologic remnant related to the valves forming the sinus venosus. (Correct answer: c)
- The Eustachian valve is an embryologic remnant of the inferior vena cava valve. (Correct answer: a)
Moderator Band
- The moderator band is a structure in the right ventricle that transmits the right bundle branch from the bundle of His to the right ventricle.
False Tendons
- False tendons are thin string-like structures located in the left ventricle, connecting the interventricular septum to the papillary muscles.
Sigmoid Septum
- The shape of the interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricular outflow tract can change with age, sometimes becoming S-shaped (sigmoid).
Aortic Valve Mass: Lambl's Excrescences
- Lambl's excrescences are fine filamentous strands that can be seen originating from the aortic valve in elderly patients.
- They are considered a degenerative change.
- Multiple can fuse to form giant excrescences.
Coronary Arteries
- The left main coronary artery arises from the superior aspect of the left coronary sinus of Valsalva.
- The right coronary artery arises from the superior aspect of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva,.
Order of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Aorta
- Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta.
- The first two branches of the ascending aorta form the coronary system.
- The left and right coronary arteries arise from the sinuses of Valsalva and travel downward along the outside of the heart muscle.
Order of Blood Flow Through the Aortic Arch
- Branches off the aortic arch include: the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery, the right common carotid artery, the right subclavian artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.
- The aortic isthmus connects the left subclavian artery and the ligamentum arteriosum.
Blood Vessels in the Body: Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
- Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the tissues. They are muscular tubes with three layers.
- Arterioles regulate blood flow from arteries to capillaries.
- Capillaries connect arterioles to venules and exchange nutrients and waste between blood and interstitial fluid. Capillary walls are composed of a single layer of cells.
- Venules drain blood from capillaries to veins.
- Veins return blood to the heart, carrying low-pressure blood. They have thinner walls than arteries.
Network of Blood Vessels
- The network of vessels includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in embryology, focusing on heart development. It includes details about the formation of various heart structures from the sinus venosus to the primitive atrium and ventricle. Test your knowledge on the early stages of heart development in embryos.
