Human Embryology: Heart Development
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Questions and Answers

Which primary germ layer does the heart develop from?

  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm (correct)
  • Endoderm
  • All of the above

    • What is the main function of the pericardium?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To protect the heart and anchor it to surrounding structures (correct)
  • To pump blood throughout the body
  • To filter blood

    • How many openings does the heart have in utero?

  • Three
  • Two (correct)
  • Four
  • One

    • What is the name of the process where the heart tube folds and bends on itself?

    <p>Bending and folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms several expansions which ultimately give rise to the structures of the fully developed heart?

    <p>Primitive heart tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of development when the heart begins to beat?

    <p>Day 22 of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity where the heart is located?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of forming four chambers of the heart?

    <p>Septation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>In the mediastinum, between the two lungs, with the right side anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pericardium?

    <p>A protective sac around the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>The right side is anterior, and the left side is posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the heart that sits on the diaphragm?

    <p>The diaphragmatic surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium?

    <p>To protect the heart and keep it in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the heart sits to the left of the midline?

    <p>Two-thirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base of the heart also referred to as?

    <p>The posterior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts of the pericardium?

    <p>The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the right atrium in the heart?

    <p>To receive deoxygenated blood from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main veins that drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

    <p>Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the right atrioventricular valve?

    <p>To guard the opening between the right atrium and ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the right ventricle?

    <p>Fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve that guards the entrance to the pulmonary trunk?

    <p>Pulmonary semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of the right atrium?

    <p>Fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the opening between the right atrium and ventricle?

    <p>Right atrioventricular orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?

    <p>It reduces friction between the pericardial layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also known as?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the heart wall consist of?

    <p>Three layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atria in the heart?

    <p>To receive blood from the lungs or body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outer layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

    <p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?

    <p>To pump blood to the lungs or body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers does the heart have?

    <p>Four chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?

    <p>The base of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sulcus runs between the two ventricles on the inferior surface of the heart?

    <p>Posterior interventricular sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?

    <p>To drain blood from the heart itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surface that sits on the diaphragm?

    <p>Diaphragmatic surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the learning objective that describes the external and internal features of the heart?

    <p>LO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sulcus that can be seen running on the inferior surface of the heart?

    <p>Posterior interventricular sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surface that is formed by the left atrium?

    <p>Posterior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the images that show the posterior and inferior views of the heart?

    <p>To show the external and internal features of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryological development, which of the following events occurs first?

    <p>The formation of the primitive heart tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

    <p>To lubricate the heart to reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that forms several expansions, which ultimately give rise to the structures of the fully developed heart?

    <p>Heart tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

    <p>It is formed by the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity where the heart is located?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week of development does the heart begin to beat?

    <p>Third week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

    <p>To provide a framework for the heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many openings does the heart have in utero?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outer layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

    <p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs where the heart is located?

    <p>Mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the heart wall consist of?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atria in the heart?

    <p>Receiving blood from the lungs or body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protective sac around the heart that keeps it in place within the thorax?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the learning objective that describes the external and internal features of the heart?

    <p>LO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the heart that sits on the diaphragm?

    <p>Diaphragmatic surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the heart sits to the left of the midline?

    <p>2/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also known as?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts of the pericardium?

    <p>Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?

    <p>To reduce friction between the heart and pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the heart that sits on the diaphragm?

    <p>Diaphragmatic surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>The right side of the heart is more anterior, while the left side of the heart is more posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

    <p>To fuse with the central tendon of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surface that is formed by the left atrium?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the heart formed by the left atrium?

    <p>Posterior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?

    <p>To drain blood from the heart itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sulcus that runs between the two ventricles on the inferior surface of the heart?

    <p>Posterior interventricular sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following learning objectives describes the external and internal features of the heart?

    <p>LO4: Describe the external and internal features of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the heart that sits on the diaphragm?

    <p>Inferior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the continuation of the coronary sulcus seen on the images of the posterior and inferior views of the heart?

    <p>A large vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sulcus that runs between the two ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart?

    <p>Anterior interventricular sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the heart's internal features?

    <p>To follow the path of a single red blood cell through the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fossa ovalis in the right atrium?

    <p>Separating the right atrium from the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the interatrial septum in the right atrium?

    <p>Separating the right atrium from the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pectinate muscles in the right atrium?

    <p>Increasing the surface area of the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve that guards the entrance to the pulmonary trunk?

    <p>Pulmonary semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the opening between the right atrium and ventricle?

    <p>Right atrioventricular orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chordae tendineae in the right ventricle?

    <p>Supporting the cusps of the atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the learning objective that describes the external and internal features of the heart?

    <p>LO4: Describe the external and internal features of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the coronary sinus in the heart?

    <p>Draining deoxygenated blood from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericardium?

    <p>To protect and lubricate the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the heart wall consist of?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

    <p>To sit on the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity where the heart is located?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Between the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the outer layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

    <p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mediastinum?

    <p>A region in the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericardium?

    <p>To protect the heart and keep it in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the heart wall consist of?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragmatic surface?

    <p>To sit on the diaphragm and protect the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mediastinum?

    <p>A space between the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does the apex of the heart point?

    <p>Towards the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?

    <p>The base of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pericardium composed of?

    <p>Both the fibrous and serous pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the heart sits to the left of the midline?

    <p>2/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?

    <p>It reduces friction between the heart and the pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that forms the outer layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the heart wall consist of?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atria in the heart?

    <p>To receive blood from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity where the heart is located?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

    <p>The surface that sits on the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>To the left of the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

    <p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Embryological Development of the Heart

    • Heart development begins in the 3rd week when the embryo requires its own blood supply
    • Two heart tubes form from the mesoderm and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube
    • The primitive heart tube expands and forms structures of the fully developed heart
    • By day 22, the primitive heart begins to beat and bend, and the heart tube becomes partitioned into four chambers

    Position of the Heart

    • The heart is located in the mediastinum, the central space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs
    • The heart is oriented with the right side more anterior and the left side more posterior
    • The apex of the heart points towards the left, with approximately 2/3 of the heart sitting to the left of the midline
    • The base of the heart sits opposite the apex and is directed posteriorly, also referred to as the posterior surface of the heart

    Structure and Function of the Pericardium and Heart Wall

    • The pericardium is the protective sac around the heart that keeps it in place within the thorax
    • The pericardium has two parts: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium
    • The serous pericardium has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer, with a potential space in between containing serous fluid
    • The visceral layer of the serous pericardium lines the outer surface of the heart directly, forming the outer layer of the heart wall, also called the epicardium
    • The heart wall has three layers: an outer epicardium, a middle myocardium, and an inner endocardium

    External Features of the Heart

    • The heart has four chambers: a left and right atrium and a left and right ventricle
    • The two atria are the "receiving" chambers, receiving blood from either the lungs or the body
    • The ventricles are the "pumping" chambers, pumping blood to either the lungs or the body

    Internal Features of the Heart - Right Atrium

    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through three main veins: the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
    • The right atrium has internal features including the fossa ovalis, the interatrial septum, and the pectinate muscles

    Internal Features of the Heart - Right Ventricle

    • Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium flows into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular orifice
    • The right ventricle has a valve called the right atrioventricular valve
    • Other features of the right ventricle include the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, and the interventricular septum
    • From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated via the pulmonary trunk, guarded by the pulmonary semilunar valve

    External Features of the Heart - Posterior and Inferior Views

    • The posterior surface of the heart is formed by the left atrium
    • The inferior surface of the heart sits on the diaphragm and is also called the diaphragmatic surface
    • The posterior interventricular sulcus runs between the two ventricles on the inferior surface of the heart

    Embryological Development of the Heart

    • Heart development begins in the 3rd week when the embryo requires its own blood supply
    • Two heart tubes form from the mesoderm and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube
    • The primitive heart tube expands and forms structures of the fully developed heart
    • By day 22, the primitive heart begins to beat and bend, and the heart tube becomes partitioned into four chambers

    Position of the Heart

    • The heart is located in the mediastinum, the central space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs
    • The heart is oriented with the right side more anterior and the left side more posterior
    • The apex of the heart points towards the left, with approximately 2/3 of the heart sitting to the left of the midline
    • The base of the heart sits opposite the apex and is directed posteriorly, also referred to as the posterior surface of the heart

    Structure and Function of the Pericardium and Heart Wall

    • The pericardium is the protective sac around the heart that keeps it in place within the thorax
    • The pericardium has two parts: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium
    • The serous pericardium has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer, with a potential space in between containing serous fluid
    • The visceral layer of the serous pericardium lines the outer surface of the heart directly, forming the outer layer of the heart wall, also called the epicardium
    • The heart wall has three layers: an outer epicardium, a middle myocardium, and an inner endocardium

    External Features of the Heart

    • The heart has four chambers: a left and right atrium and a left and right ventricle
    • The two atria are the "receiving" chambers, receiving blood from either the lungs or the body
    • The ventricles are the "pumping" chambers, pumping blood to either the lungs or the body

    Internal Features of the Heart - Right Atrium

    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through three main veins: the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
    • The right atrium has internal features including the fossa ovalis, the interatrial septum, and the pectinate muscles

    Internal Features of the Heart - Right Ventricle

    • Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium flows into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular orifice
    • The right ventricle has a valve called the right atrioventricular valve
    • Other features of the right ventricle include the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, and the interventricular septum
    • From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated via the pulmonary trunk, guarded by the pulmonary semilunar valve

    External Features of the Heart - Posterior and Inferior Views

    • The posterior surface of the heart is formed by the left atrium
    • The inferior surface of the heart sits on the diaphragm and is also called the diaphragmatic surface
    • The posterior interventricular sulcus runs between the two ventricles on the inferior surface of the heart

    Embryological Development of the Heart

    • The heart develops from the mesoderm, one of the three primary germ layers of the embryo.
    • The development of the heart begins in the third week of development, when the embryo reaches a size where it requires its own blood supply.
    • Two heart tubes form from the mesoderm and then fuse to form a single primitive heart tube.
    • The primitive heart tube forms several expansions, which ultimately give rise to the structures of the fully developed heart.
    • By day 22 of development, the primitive heart begins to beat and begins to bend and fold on itself.
    • In utero, the heart has two openings, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, which allow blood to bypass the lungs, as the lungs are not functional until after birth.

    Position of the Heart

    • The heart is located in the mediastinum, the central space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs.
    • The heart is orientated in such a way that the right side of the heart is more anterior, while the left side of the heart is more posterior.
    • The apex of the heart points towards the left, and approximately 2/3 of the heart sits to the left of the midline.
    • The base of the heart sits opposite to the apex and is directed posteriorly, also referred to as the posterior surface of the heart.
    • The heart sits on its inferior surface, also referred to as the diaphragmatic surface, which is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm.

    Pericardium and Heart Wall

    • The pericardium is the protective sac around the heart, which not only protects the heart but also keeps it in place within the thorax.
    • The pericardium has two parts: the outer fibrous pericardium, which is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm, and the inner serous pericardium.
    • The serous pericardium has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer, with a potential space in between them containing a thin film of serous fluid.
    • The visceral layer of the serous pericardium lines the outer surface of the heart directly, forming the outer layer of the heart wall, also called the epicardium.
    • The heart wall is composed of three layers: an outer epicardium, a middle myocardium, and an inner endocardium.

    External Features of the Heart

    • The heart has four chambers: a left and right atrium and a left and right ventricle.
    • The atria are the "receiving" chambers, receiving blood from either the lungs or the body, while the ventricles are the "pumping" chambers, pumping blood to either the lungs or the body.

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