36 Questions
Which division of the nervous system consists of autonomic neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
Autonomic Nervous System
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that carry chemical signals from one neuron to another
Which type of neurotransmitter encourages a target cell to take action?
Excitatory neurotransmitters
What is the main function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
To decrease the chances of a target cell taking action
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in maintaining internal homeostasis?
Maintaining muscle and cardiac muscle
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for regulating hormone secretion from glands?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which of the following medications is primarily used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock?
Dobutamine
Which of the following medications has both dopaminergic, B1, and A1 effects?
Dopamine
Which medication primarily stimulates α-adrenergic receptors and causes vasoconstriction?
Norepinephrine
Which medication is a selective vasoactive β1-adrenergic drug that increases cardiac output by increasing contractility?
Dobutamine
Which medication works almost exclusively on α-adrenergic receptors and is used for short-term treatment to raise blood pressure in patients who are in shock?
Phenylephrine
Which of the following is a contraindication for using adrenergic-blocking drugs?
All of the above are contraindications
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for A-Blockers?
Heart block
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of B-Blockers?
Erectile dysfunction
Which type of B-Blockers constrict bronchioles and can result in narrowing of airways and shortness of breath?
Nonselective B-blockers
Which of the following is NOT an indication for B-Blockers?
Glaucoma
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of cholinergic agonists?
Dry mouth
Which type of cholinergic receptors are located in the ganglia where presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve fibers meet?
Nicotinic receptors
Which receptors are activated by the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters?
Adrenergic receptors
What is the function of a1-adrenergic receptors?
Vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation
What is the function of B2-adrenergic receptors?
Bronchodilation and uterine relaxation
Which receptors are stimulated by sympathomimetic drugs?
Adrenergic receptors
What is the difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs?
Direct-acting drugs bind directly to the receptor, while indirect-acting drugs cause release of neurotransmitters
What is the indication for the use of bronchodilators?
Treatment of asthma and bronchitis
Which medication is used to enhance memory and learning capabilities in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
Donepezil (Aricept)
Which medication is a cholinergic antagonist?
Atropine sulphate
Which medication is used to treat parkinson's disease by decreasing muscle rigidity and tremors?
Atropine sulphate
Which medication is used to prevent motion sickness?
Scopolamine
Which medication is used to reduce salivation and excessive secretions in the respiratory and GI tract?
Glycopyrrolate
Which medication is used for overactive bladder and as an antispasmodic for neurogenic bladder?
Oxybutynin
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Donepezil (Aricept) in Alzheimer's disease?
GI or GU tract obstruction
Which of the following is an adverse effect of Donepezil (Aricept)?
Syncope
Which of the following is a nursing implication for the use of cholinergic blocking drugs?
Assess for allergies and contraindications
Which of the following is a therapeutic effect of anti-Alzheimer's drugs like Donepezil (Aricept)?
Enhance memory and learning capabilities
Which of the following is an indication for the use of anticholinergic drugs?
Decreases muscle rigidity and tremors in Parkinson's disease
Which of the following is an adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs?
Dilated pupils (mydriasis)
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system consists of autonomic neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another.
- Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage a target cell to take action.
- Inhibitory neurotransmitters reduce the activity of the target cell.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining internal homeostasis.
- The autonomic nervous system regulates hormone secretion from glands.
Medications
- Dobutamine is primarily used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock.
- Dopamine has both dopaminergic, B1, and A1 effects.
- Vasopressin primarily stimulates α-adrenergic receptors and causes vasoconstriction.
- Dobutamine is a selective vasoactive β1-adrenergic drug that increases cardiac output by increasing contractility.
- Phenylephrine works almost exclusively on α-adrenergic receptors and is used for short-term treatment to raise blood pressure in patients who are in shock.
Contraindications and Adverse Effects
- Uncontrolled hypertension is a contraindication for using adrenergic-blocking drugs.
- Bronchial asthma is not a contraindication for A-Blockers.
- B-Blockers can cause bronchospasm as a potential adverse effect.
- Non-selective B-Blockers constrict bronchioles and can result in narrowing of airways and shortness of breath.
- Hypertension is not an indication for B-Blockers.
- Excessive salivation is a potential adverse effect of cholinergic agonists.
Cholinergic Receptors
- Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are located in the ganglia where presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve fibers meet.
- Muscarinic receptors are activated by the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.
- α1-adrenergic receptors cause vasoconstriction.
- β2-adrenergic receptors cause smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
- Sympathomimetic drugs stimulate α- and β-adrenergic receptors.
Direct- and Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Direct-acting sympathomimetic drugs act directly on receptors.
- Indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs release stored neurotransmitters from nerve terminals.
Indications and Contraindications
- Bronchodilators are used to treat bronchospasm.
- Donepezil (Aricept) is used to enhance memory and learning capabilities in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
- Atropine is a cholinergic antagonist.
- Levodopa is used to treat Parkinson's disease by decreasing muscle rigidity and tremors.
- Scopolamine is used to prevent motion sickness.
- Atropine is used to reduce salivation and excessive secretions in the respiratory and GI tract.
- Oxybutynin is used to treat overactive bladder and as an antispasmodic for neurogenic bladder.
Contraindications and Adverse Effects
- Severe liver disease is a contraindication for the use of Donepezil (Aricept) in Alzheimer's disease.
- Nausea is an adverse effect of Donepezil (Aricept).
- Monitoring for anticholinergic effects is a nursing implication for the use of cholinergic blocking drugs.
- Improved cognitive function is a therapeutic effect of anti-Alzheimer's drugs like Donepezil (Aricept).
- Urinary retention is an indication for the use of anticholinergic drugs.
- Dry mouth is an adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs.
Test your knowledge on Dipivefrin Hydrochloride, a medication used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock. Learn about its effects on a- and B- receptors, vasoconstriction, and its classification as inotropes, chronotropes, and dromotropes. Explore examples such as Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.
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