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Questions and Answers
What characterized the transition from the cottage industry to the factory system during industrialization?
What characterized the transition from the cottage industry to the factory system during industrialization?
Which factor was NOT a cause of industrialization in Great Britain?
Which factor was NOT a cause of industrialization in Great Britain?
Which of the following figures is associated with the idea of minimal government intervention in the economy?
Which of the following figures is associated with the idea of minimal government intervention in the economy?
What was a significant technological advancement in the textile industry during industrialization?
What was a significant technological advancement in the textile industry during industrialization?
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Which challenge did countries face when spreading industrialization?
Which challenge did countries face when spreading industrialization?
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What was one consequence of the large supply of workers during industrialization?
What was one consequence of the large supply of workers during industrialization?
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Which group opposed mechanization due to fears of job loss?
Which group opposed mechanization due to fears of job loss?
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Which statement best describes the living conditions during the industrialization period?
Which statement best describes the living conditions during the industrialization period?
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Study Notes
19th Century Industrialization (1760-1840)
- Industrialization is the transformation of economies from agriculture-based to industry-based. It involves factories and mass production, impacting society, economy, and technology.
Development of Industrialization
- Cottage Industry: small-scale production in homes (putting-out system).
- Factory System: centralized production in large facilities.
- Shift from manual labor to mechanized processes.
Causes of Industrialization in Great Britain
- Agricultural Revolution: improved farming methods increased food supply (e.g., Three Field System).
- Rapid population growth: more workers for factories.
- Natural resources: abundant coal and iron fueled industrial growth.
- Government policies (Enclosure Movement) and banking supported entrepreneurs.
Key Figures in Capitalism
- Adam Smith: advocated for free markets ("Wealth of Nations").
- Laissez-faire economics: minimal government intervention.
- David Ricardo: introduced the "Iron Law of Wages."
- Thomas Malthus: warned about population growth exceeding resources.
Spread of Industrialization
- Spread to other countries by 1850.
- Challenges: resistance to change and lack of resources.
- Countries like Belgium, France, and the United States began industrializing.
Technological Advancements
- Textile Industry innovations: flying shuttle and Spinning Jenny.
- Steam Engine improvements by James Watt revolutionized transportation and production.
- Iron Industry advancements supported infrastructure development.
- Railroads transformed the movement of goods and people.
Living Conditions
- Large worker supply kept wages low.
- Worker exploitation.
- Lack of worker protection laws.
- Child labor.
- Abuse of women and children.
- Poor urban living conditions (pollution, disease, crime, poor construction).
Efforts for Change
- Trade Unions: advocated for workers' rights and better conditions.
- Luddites: opposed mechanization, fearing job loss.
- Chartists: sought political reforms (universal male suffrage, secret voting, payment for MPs).
- Factory and Mines Acts: aimed at reducing working hours and improving conditions, protecting women and children first.
Consequences of Industrialization
- Short-term: urbanization and rapid city growth.
- Long-term: environmental issues (pollution) and social changes.
- Emergence of a new middle class and a distinct working class.
- Impact on family dynamics and working conditions for children and women.
Discussion Questions
- How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to industrialization?
- What were the social impacts of urbanization?
- How did technological advancements change daily life?
- How did different groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
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Description
Explore the transformation of economies from agriculture to industry during the 19th century, focusing on the key developments and figures that shaped this era. Learn about the shift to factory systems, the causes of industrialization in Great Britain, and the foundational ideas of capitalism.
