19th Century Capitalism and Technological Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens when a hot object and a cold object come into contact?

  • The objects will never change temperature.
  • Heat will flow from the cold object to the hot object.
  • Thermal energy is transferred from the hot object to the cold object until they reach thermal equilibrium. (correct)
  • The objects will instantly reach the same temperature.

    • What is required to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object?

  • The objects must be at the same temperature.
  • Work performed by an external energy source, such as a heat pump. (correct)
  • The objects must be in a vacuum environment.
  • No external energy source is needed.

    • What will eventually happen to stars in the distant future according to the text?

  • They will evaporate into smaller particles and reach thermal equilibrium with the universe. (correct)
  • They will explode and disappear.
  • They will turn into planets.
  • They will keep burning forever.

    • What is the ultimate level of chaos referred to in the text?

    <p>Heat death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third law of thermodynamics state about an ideal crystal at absolute zero?

    <p>It has zero entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first formulated the third law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Walter Nernst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the second law of thermodynamics predict about the end of the universe?

    <p>'Heat death' where all things exist at the same temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reaching absolute zero according to Siabal Mitra?

    <p>'Absolute zero' breaks the second law of thermodynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it believed that reaching absolute zero is impossible?

    <p>'Absolute zero' requires an infinite number of steps as per the third law of thermodynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'heat death' according to text?

    <p>Everything will be at the same temperature leading to disorderly motion of particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a hot object and a cold object come into contact?

    <p>The hot object transfers thermal energy to the cold object until they reach the same temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object?

    <p>Work performed by an external energy source, such as a heat pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the second law of thermodynamics predict about the end of the universe?

    <p>The universe will end in a state of maximum entropy, where all energy is converted into disorderly movement of atoms and molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will eventually happen to stars in the distant future according to the text?

    <p>Stars will turn into stellar remnants such as white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes, and eventually evaporate into protons, electrons, photons and neutrinos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate level of chaos referred to in the text?

    <p>A state where all things exist at the same temperature, and no work can be done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reaching absolute zero temperature?

    <p>It would break the second law of thermodynamics, as you could then build an engine with 100% efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it believed that reaching absolute zero is impossible?

    <p>Because it would require an infinite amount of energy to remove all thermal motion from a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third law of thermodynamics state about an ideal crystal at absolute zero?

    <p>The entropy of the crystal is zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first formulated the third law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Walter Nernst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'heat death' of the universe according to the text?

    <p>The universe will be filled with a uniform distribution of high-energy radiation, with no possibility of work being done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat will never flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot one.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All matter contains some entropy due to the presence of thermal energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third law of thermodynamics states that an ideal crystal has zero entropy at 0 K.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reaching absolute zero is theoretically impossible, although scientists have come very close to achieving it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All things in the universe will eventually exist at the same temperature, according to the second law of thermodynamics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stellar remnants like white dwarfs and neutron stars will ultimately reach thermal equilibrium with the rest of the universe.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entropy difference is usually not considered in thermodynamic calculations because the zero point is insignificant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the third law of thermodynamics, entropy of an ideal crystal is not zero at 0 K if there is any disorder present.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second law of thermodynamics sets an unreachable absolute zero temperature as a speed limit similar to the speed of light.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is theoretically possible to grow a perfect crystal where all lattice spaces are filled with identical atoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate fate of stars in the distant future according to the text?

    <p>Stars will use up their nuclear fuel and turn into stellar remnants like white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes, before eventually evaporating into particles and reaching thermal equilibrium with the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate level of chaos referred to in the text?

    <p>The ultimate level of chaos is 'heat death,' where all things in the universe exist at the same temperature, resulting in the inability to do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reaching absolute zero according to Siabal Mitra?

    <p>According to Siabal Mitra, reaching absolute zero would take an infinite number of steps, indicating that it can never be reached. Achieving absolute zero would allow the creation of an engine with 100% efficiency, breaking the second law of thermodynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first formulated the third law of thermodynamics?

    <p>The third law of thermodynamics was first formulated by the German chemist and physicist Walter Nernst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'heat death' according to the text?

    <p>'Heat death' is characterized by all things in the universe existing at the same temperature, leading to the conversion of all energy into disorderly movement of atoms and molecules, making work impossible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object?

    <p>Transferring heat from a cold object to a hot object requires work performed by an external energy source, such as a heat pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a hot object and a cold object come into contact?

    <p>When a hot object and a cold object come into contact, thermal energy is transferred from the hot object to the cold object until they reach thermal equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third law of thermodynamics state about an ideal crystal at absolute zero?

    <p>The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an ideal crystal is zero at absolute zero (0 K), provided the crystal is perfect and orderly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it believed that reaching absolute zero is impossible?

    <p>It is believed that reaching absolute zero is impossible because it would require an infinite number of steps to cool a system down to that temperature, and some thermal energy, hence entropy, will always be present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of entropy difference in thermodynamic calculations?

    <p>Entropy difference is usually the focus in thermodynamic calculations because the zero point of the entropy scale is considered insignificant in most cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an ideal crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is ______

    <p>zero absolute degrees (0 K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All matter contains some entropy due to the presence of some ______

    <p>thermal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reaching absolute zero is theoretically impossible, although scientists have come very close to achieving it. At 0 K, the thermal motion stops and the entropy of the system is ______

    <p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second law of thermodynamics predicts the end of the universe in 'heat death,' where all things will exist at the same ______

    <p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stellar remnants like white dwarfs and neutron stars will ultimately reach thermal equilibrium with the rest of the universe as they ______ into protons, electrons, photons, and neutrinos

    <p>evaporate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transferring heat from a cold object to a hot one requires work performed by an external energy source, such as a ______

    <p>heat pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third law of thermodynamics concerns the ultimate behavior of systems when temperature approaches absolute ______

    <p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theoretically, it is possible to grow a perfect crystal in which the entire space of the lattice is occupied by identical ______

    <p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second law of thermodynamics sets an unreachable absolute zero temperature as a speed limit similar to the speed of ______

    <p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The crystals must be perfect for the entropy to be zero at 0 K; otherwise, there will be some innate ______

    <p>disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Thermal equilibrium = Hot and cold objects have the same temperature Heat death = All things in the universe exist at the same temperature Absolute zero = Temperature at which thermal motion stops and entropy is zero Stellar remnants = White dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following predictions with their descriptions:

    <p>Second law of thermodynamics = Heat will never flow spontaneously from cold to hot objects Third law of thermodynamics = Entropy of an ideal crystal is zero at 0 K End of the universe = All things in the universe will exist at the same temperature Ultimate fate of stars = Stars will eventually evolve into white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their correct consequences:

    <p>Reaching absolute zero = Breaks the second law of thermodynamics if achieved Perfect crystal at 0 K = Entropy is zero only if crystal is perfect Heat transfer from cold to hot object = Requires work performed by an external energy source Thermal equilibrium between objects = Temperature equality reached without spontaneous heat flow in reverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions:

    <p>Walter Nernst = Formulated the third law of thermodynamics John Baez = Predicted the cooling process of the universe could take up to 10^26 years Siabal Mitra = Stated consequences of reaching absolute zero and third law requirements for crystals Martin Beilin = Quoted Nernst's third law statement in a book about thermodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Entropy = Degree of disorder or randomness in a system Heat pump = External energy source that performs work to transfer heat from cold to hot objects Thermal motion = Movement caused by thermal energy in particles Absolute zero temperature = Temperature at which thermal motion stops and entropy is zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

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