1920s America: Roaring Twenties

Background: 1920s America

• In the U.S., the 1920s was a period marked by hope, affluence, and cultural shifts, often referred to as "The Roaring Twenties."
• Women gained the right to vote in 1920, through the 19th Amendment.

U.S. Economy in the 1920s

• The 1920s economy saw a running stock market, with people having enough money to spend on entertainment and consumer goods.
• The American industry experienced a significant boom.

Optimism in the Early 1920s

• Optimism was fueled by the end of World War I in 1918 and the U.S.'s victory.
• Confidence in the U.S. government and the ability of the armed forces to protect the nation's freedom reached new heights.

Jazz Age

• The 1920s were also known as the age of jazz, with jazz music and dancing becoming new forms of entertainment.

Women in the Post-WWI Era

• Women took on new jobs during World War I and were not ready to give up their independence.
• Women began wearing shorter skirts and cutting their hair short and were given more freedom.

Market Crash

• The market crashed due to people buying too much stock on credit, initiating the Great Depression on Black Tuesday.

Background: 1920s Germany

• Germany's economy was in a dire state following World War I; a single U.S. dollar being worth 4 billion German marks.
• Soldiers of war were homeless, money became useless, and people carried singular 5 billion dollar bills.

German Inflation

• People could barely afford food, and the Mark's value declined rapidly.
• The French often visited to buy cheap pastries from German citizens.

WWI Impact on Society

• World War I led people to lose faith in their generation and hope.
• The war ruined old backgrounds and individualism.

Response to War

• Three documents were created to prevent war.
• The Dawes Plan (1924) was designed as a financial plan between the Allies, the U.S., and Germany.
• The Locarno Pact ensured that Germany, France, and Britain would maintain their territory lines as outlined in the Versailles Treaty.
• Germany promised not to take Polish or Czechoslovakian territory except through arbitration.
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact allowed 15 nations to agree not to use war to settle disputes, but there were no enforcements.

Basis of Hitler's Ideas

• Hitler wanted a "superior" Aryan race and aimed to eliminate any perceived enemies.
• He utilized extreme German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism to create a "German Empire."

Economic Factors Leading to Acceptance of a Dictator in Germany

• Germans in the early 1930s were struggling financially and were desperate for change.

Enabling Act

• The enabling act allowed Hitler to rise to power because it allowed him to pass laws without a constitution or parliament for four years before giving power back.

Building a Nazi State

• Hitler became a totalitarian dictator and consolidated power with the Nazi party through propaganda and terror.

Nazi Control of Media

• Nazi control of the media kept them in power because they only presented information that made them look favorable.

Rise of Fascism and Nazism: Economic Problems

• Worldwide depression, unemployment, inflation and decline of trade were issues at the time

Leadership

• Included promoting extreme nationalism, exploiting fears, and using terror and intimidation

Weak governments

• There were Re-drawn national borders, German reparations, and a powerless League of Nations

Fascism Beliefs and Policies

• Fascism stressed extreme loyalty, supported a one-party rule, and was militaristic.
• Fascism did not recognize individual rights and promoted the state as supreme.
• Fascism had support from aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower Middle Class

Mussolini's rise to Power

• Mussolini rose to power due to strong leadership and his vision to improve Italy.
• In October 1922, Mussolini succeeded in taking power in Italy after "The March on Rome."

Hitler in Germany

• Adolf Hitler was skilled as an organizer and speaker.
• Hitler writes his ideas in his book, Mein Kampf, that included anti-semitism and plans for conquest.
• The economic problems in Germany and the fear of communism allowed him to gain power.

Impact of WWI on Democracies

• New democracies created at the end of World War I either fell to dictators or kings who suspended constitutions, except for Czechoslovakia.
• Dictators were seen as the only way to achieve stability.

Spanish Civil War

• Francisco Franco led Spain's military in a revolt against the Spanish Republican government.
• Franco was aided by Italy and Germany.
• The Republic received support from the USSR and foreign volunteers.
• Franco's victory led to a military dictatorship with the war providing Hitler a trial run for military tactics

Fascism vs. Communism

• Fascism condemns class warfare and stresses the importance of racial and national superiority and uses extreme nationalism.
• Communism focuses on class struggle and does not prioritize racism or nationalism.

Mussolini and Hitler

• Mussolini's implementation of Fascism in Italy inspired Hitler.
• Hitler studied Mussolini's strategies and rose to power in Germany

Rise of Communism: Lenin's Rule

• Vladimir Lenin launched the New Economic Policy (NEP), which was communist but allowed peasants to control some land.
• He established republics controlled by the national government.
• Russia was renamed the USSR and the Bolsheviks transformed into the Communist Party using Karl Marx's ideas.

Stalin's Rise and Totalitarianism

• Joseph Stalin gained power from 1922-1927 through manipulation and violence, removing Leon Trotsky from the political landscape.
• Under Stalin, the government controlled all aspects of life.

Techniques of Totalitarian Leaders

• Leaders used police terror, government shapes childrens minds through slanted education, propaganda and censorship to control media and crush opposing views and religious/ethnic persecution.

Life Under Stalin: Police State

• Under Stalin, the police state used public force to instill terror.
• The Great Purge aimed to eliminate Stalin's perceived enemies.

Propaganda and Censorship

• Government-controlled media glorified the party, art, and music that had social realism qualities.
• Soviet women do work in the USSR

Education

• The government took control of education.
• Children were taught virtues of the Communist Party.
• Teachers and students challenging the party faced death.

Religion

• Government under Lenin attacked Russian Orthodox church
• Beautiful churches and synogogues are destroyed
• Religious leaders are killed
• People lose all personal rights

Stalin's Economic Control

• Stalin eliminates the NEP and transitions into a command economy.
• Five-Year Plans were implemented to develop the economy.
• The result was large industrial growth but a shortage of consumer goods.

Agriculture

• Collective farms were state owned
• Kulaks and peasants resisted which led to 5-10 million dying in crackdown
• Agricultural production rises, but food is not given to country people, only the city.

Life Under Stalin

• Education was better and new skills are gained but with limited freedom and consumer goods.
• Women were considered the equal to men
• By the 1930s, Stalin transformed the USSR and became industrial and political power
• Stalin was unopposed as a dictator and commmunist party leader
• Ruled by terror

17.1 Terms

Non-Aggression Pact: 1939

• A secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin to avoid attacking each other and divide Poland after conquering it.

Appeasement

• A policy of making concessions to avoid war, associated with Hitler's acquisition of Czechoslovakia in return for "peace."

Demilitarized

• A region where military forces or weapons are prohibited.

Sanctions

• Economic or political penalties imposed by one country to influence change in another.

Impact of Appeasement

• Appeasement emboldened Hitler's expansion plans, creating the impression he could aggressively seize territory without opposition.

Impact of WWI

• Leaders tried to avoid because of major losses.

Why The Munich Conference Was a Failure

• Hitler was given the Sudetenland but that didn't stop further invasions.

Manchuria Incidents

• Japan used the fabricated "Mukden incident" to justify takeover of Manchuria to blame China for attacking the railway.

Japan's New Order

• Japan planed to build the new order around China, Korea and territories of Southeast Asia.

Threat of Economic Sanctions

• Japan heavily relied on raw materials of iron, oil, and steel.

The Holocaust + Depression: Great Depression

• Unemployment rates created anger among many people
• People allowed Hitler to take control in hopes he would make his promise of change true.
• Nazi party was gaining support.
• Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933.

Hitler in charge

• Hitler gave people work and ended depression by making weapons and highways.

1936 Olympics: Berlin

The Olympics were used to show how Germany was strong while hiding anti-semitism.

Meanwhile in Germany

• The Nazis managed a vast propaganda machine that encompassed total control of media and they burned books deemed inferior to the Nazi party.

The Party's Campaign

• The Nazi Party sent anyone who seemed an enemy to camps where Jews had to wear the Start of David, and was not allows to see many people.

Backround: Meanwhile in Germany - Nazism Spreads.

• Adolf Hitler initiated an invasion to conquer Austria, even though they were never supposed to align again.
• Hitler was able to take over Austria, and many austrians cheered as the Nazis arrived in hopes for stabiltity in this vulnerable time.

Tension

• There was a growing tension between the Germans and Americans.

Hitler and Mussolini Friendship

• Mussolini knew Hitler was far more powerful than he, even though Hitler had a plan and Mussolini and mussolini knew the world war was planned and coming.

Munich Conference

• British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill proposed an appeasement deal at the Munich Conference to give Hitler what he wanted: the Sudetenland but, Hitler did not hold his word.
• Contained Germans, along borders of Czechoslovakia.
• Germans were not fairly treated in the area of Sudetenland.

17. 4 terms

• The Holocaust, Nazi program made to kill people they considered inferior
• Kristallnacht: November 9, 1938 Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, buisnesses, and synogogues throughout Germany.
• Collaborator: One who works jointly with others to cooperate with or willingly assist an enemy of ones country.
• The "Final Solution": Nazi Germanys final plan and execution of genocide against European Jews.
• Heinrich Himmlev: Entrusted by Hitler with administration of the "Final Solution”to the Jewish question.
• Lebenstraum: Hitlers expansionist theory based on a drive to aquire "living space”for German people.
• The Einsatzgruppen were SS mobile killing squads that worked by targeting groups of people through mass execution after rounding them up.

Stage of Hollowcost

• In 1933 all Jewish businesses was boycotted in Germany and isolated jews.
• In 1935 Nuremberg Laws deprives all jews of their rights and forced to wear the yellow star.
• In 1938 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) thousands of Jewish shops and synogogues are destroyed. 30,000
• In 1939 Jewish Ghettos were used a holding place of jews and were forced to live their

Stage of Hollowcost/After

• 142-1945 (The Final Solution) at the Wannsee conference Nazi officials agree to move forward with a plan to kill all European Jews.
• Six million Jews are killed with the help of collaborators such as France. In 1944 Allied troops liberate approximately 300,000 Jews from the concentration/death camps.

Ways People Resisted

• There were a multitude of ways that people resisted the hate, however most were met with death or a form of punishment for it.
• Propaganda, and news were made to make people believe jews were evil

Steps Towards World war two

• 1931 - JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA
• 1933 - Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany. (January 1933)
• 1938 - Germany invades Austria
• 1939 - GERMANY INVADES POLAND

Violations of The Treaty of Paris

• The Treaty of Paris was constantly violated as the germans created a nazia, and re armed

The Rape Of Nanjang

• Japanese invaded Nanjang and created many atrocities and used people for many different types of experiments an forced labor.

17.2 Terms

Blizkreig

• "Lightning war" Germany's new military strategy

Luftwaffe

• Term for the German airforce created by Hitler, a violation of Treaty of Paris

Island Hopping

• A military strategy in WWII that involved selectively attacking specifically enemy-held islands, and bypassing others
• Many people were bombing different cities to help with the war
• European believed that bombing the cities would weaken the war and morale- leading to victory.

Terms:

Internment

- The confinement of particular groups of people in prison. They did this to Japanese Americans.

The Blitz, German air raids to destroy the morale of British citizens

European Theater

• Blitzkreig was used as a faast tecnique to defeat enemies
• Poland is defeated in about a month and the partition occured once the USSR attacks from the east
• Batte of Britain: One of the most critical battles of WWII, Hitler was trying to conquer Britain.

European Theater Land

• German forces invaded soviet Russia
• The USA declared war and there are new pacts and declarations

The Home Front and Civilians

• Cities and Civilians have a big role in war
• They help where they can