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Questions and Answers
What literary style did Alexander Pope use to satirise the self-importance of the fashionable London elite?
The grandiose style of ancient Greek and Roman epic poetry
What are the main themes explored in the poem 'The Rape of the Lock'?
Society’s expectations for women, beauty, idleness and ignorance of the upper classes
What is the symbolic significance of 'The Lock' in the poem 'The Rape of the Lock'?
A powerful symbol of vanity and the power of female beauty over men
What is the structure of An Essay on Man by Alexander Pope?
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What is the purpose of 'The Design' in An Essay on Man?
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What are some of the predecessors of the novel genre?
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What social and cultural factors contributed to the emergence of the novel in the 18th century?
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What feature did early incarnations of the novel strive to maintain?
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What was the cultural context in which the novel emerged as a genre?
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What is the significance of the development of the novel in literary history?
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Study Notes
Factors Contributing to the Novel's Establishment
- Rise of literacy, modernization of printing, market economy, and individualism contributed to the novel's establishment.
18th Century Novelists
- Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Roxana
- Samuel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa
- Henry Fielding: Tom Jones
- Tobias Smollett: Roderick Random, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle
- Laurence Sterne: Tristram Shandy
Daniel Defoe
- Known as the "Father of the English novel"
- Wrote Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Roxana (1724)
Characteristics of the 18th Century Novel
- Development of point of view: from omniscient narrator to 1st person narrator, comic approach, multiple points of view, and experimental techniques
- Development of the psychological novel
- Development of "The Plot"
- Conscious "Use of Time" technique: following chronological development of the plot or breaking chronology
Journalism and Literary Criticism
- Richard Steele and Joseph Addison: contributors to English journalism with "The Tatler" and "The Spectator" magazines
- Samuel Johnson: lexicographer, editor, and literary critic
Moll Flanders (1722)
- Novel by Daniel Defoe
- Complete title: The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders...
- Setting: England (mostly London) and America (mostly Virginia) in the second half of the 17th century
- Themes: Pragmatism, Moral Ambiguity, Punishment, and Redemption
Pamela (1740)
- Epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson
- Plot: The story of a fifteen-year-old maidservant named Pamela Andrews and her employer, Mr. B
- Themes: Society's expectations for women, beauty, idleness, and ignorance of the upper classes
- Symbols: The Lock (vanity and the power of female beauty over men)
An Essay on Man by Alexander Pope (1734)
- Poem consisting of four epistles in heroic couplets
- Topics: The nature of man, his place in the universe, individual, society, and the pursuit of happiness
- "The Design" serves as an introduction to the piece
Predecessors of the Novel
- Medieval romance
- Italian novella
- Greek romances (e.g., Daphnis and Cloe by Longus)
- Picaresque narrative
- French heroic romances
- The Pilgrim's Progress
- 18th-century journalistic sketches of social types
- Swift's Gulliver's Travels
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Description
Explore the factors that contributed to the establishment of the novel and learn about the notable 18th century novelists such as Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett. Discover their famous works and more!
